God's War: A New History of the Crusades (172 page)

81
.
Eracles
, p. 421; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 129.

82
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iv, 107, 143–5, 211–12, 218.

83
.
Eracles
, p. 556; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 58.

24: Louis IX and the Fall of Mainland Outremer 1244–91

1
. See above Chapter 22.

2
.
Eracles
, p. 564 and generally pp. 561–6; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 65 and pp. 62–6.

3
. Holt,
Age of the Crusades
, p. 66; Irwin,
Middle East
, pp. 18–19.

4
. A. Potthast,
Regesta Pontificum Romanorum
(Berlin 1874–5), no. 11,491, 31 Dec. 1244.

5
. The classic, if not necessarily accurate, account, written over sixty years later, is John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 191; cf. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iv, 397–8 for mystical implications of the cross; cf. Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, pp. 82–3. For modern general discussions in English, see especially W. C. Jordan,
Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade
(Princeton 1979), esp. pp. 3–13; J. Richard,
St Louis: Crusader King of France
, ed. S. Lloyd, trans. J. Birrell (Cambridge 1993), pp. 99–112; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 487–508.

6
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iv, 397–8; v, 3–4; for William, see P. Biller,
The Measure of Multitude
(Oxford 2000), chap. 3, and esp. p. 85.

7
. Potthast,
Regesta
, no. 11,492; Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iv, 410–12; cf. p. 391 for a meeting between Louis, Innocent IV and another future crusader, the duke of Burgundy, at Cîteaux on Holy Cross Day, 14 September 1244.

8
. Potthast,
Regesta
, no. 11,491; T. Rymer,
Foedera
, (3rd edn London 1745), 1-i, 148–9 (crusade bull to Henry III, 23 Jan. 1245); F. M. Delorme, ‘Bulle d’Innocent IV pour la croisade’,
Archivum Franciscanum Historicum
, 6 (1913), 386–9; cf. Maier,
Preaching
, p. 62 et seq.

9
.
Analecta Novissima Spicilegii Solesmensis
, ed. J. P. Pitra (Paris 1885–8), ii, 331–2 (Odo of Châteauroux’s Sermon XII); in general for his crusade sermons, nos. XI, XII, XIV, XV, pp. 328–33.

10
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, esp. pp. 111–13 and refs.

11
. Maier,
Preaching
, p. 70 and, generally, pp. 62–70.

12
. Innocent IV,
Registres
, ed. E. Berger (Paris 1884–1921), no. 2,935.

13
. Maier,
Preaching
, pp. 67, 140–42; Eudes Rigaud,
Regestum visitati
, ed. E. Bonnin (Rouen 1853), p. 733; Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, pp. 44–5.

14
. Maier,
Preaching
, pp. 101–2.

15
. For recruitment, Jordan,
Louis IX
, pp. 14–34, 65–104; Richard,
St Louis
, pp. 99–112; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 487–93.

16
. Jordan,
Louis IX
, p. 66.

17
. Innocent IV,
Registres
, no. 2,644.

18
.
Etablissements et coutumes, assises et arrest de l’échiquier de Normandie au treizième siècle
, ed. M. A. J. Marnier (Paris 1839), p. 201;
Layettes du Trésor des Chartes
, ed. A. Teulet et al. (Paris 1863–1909), ii, no. 3,560.

19
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 192.

20
. See especially Jordan,
Louis IX
, pp. 35–64; R. Bartlett, ‘Louis IX, Towns and Enquêteurs Réformateurs’,
Journal of Medieval History
, 5 (1979).

21
. Jordan,
Louis IX
, p. 49.

22
. RHGF, xxi, 404. For finances, Jordan,
Louis IX
, pp. 65–104.

23
. For figures and calculations, Jordan,
Louis IX
, pp. 94–9.

24
. RHGF, xxi, 540; Innocent IV,
Registres
, no. 3,708.

25
. Eudes de Rigaud,
Regestum visitati
, p. 733.

26
. Innocent IV,
Registres
, no. 3,708.

27
. Maier,
Preaching
, p. 67.

28
. See the case of Hugh of Rodez, Maier,
Preaching
, pp. 143–5.

29
. RHGF, xxi, 532–40; Jordan,
Louis IX
, pp. 79–82; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 490–91.

30
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 198.

31
. Jordan,
Louis IX
, pp. 100–102, and table p. 102.

32
. RHGF, xxi, 513–15, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 149–52 for the 1250–53 expenses; cf. Jordan,
Louis IX
, pp. 78–104; Strayer, ‘
Crusades
’, pp. 492, 504.

33
. A. Jal,
Pacta Naulorum, Documents historiques inédits
, ed. M. Champollion-Figéac (Paris 1841–3), i, 605–9; ii, 51–7; L. T. Belgrano, ‘Une charte de nolis de S. Louis’,
Archives de l’Orient Latin
, 2 (1884), 231–6.

34
. Jal,
Pacta Naulorum
, ii, 66–7; RHGF, xxi, 283, cf. pp. 223–4, 260–84.

35
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 320–1; Jal,
Pacta Naulorum
, p. 63; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, p. 492; Jordan,
Louis IX
, p. 103.

36
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, v, 93; WP, pp. 112–3.

37
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 197; Jordan,
Louis IX
, p. 76 note 82 for discussion and refs. re. salt pork.

38
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 191–2, 194–7.

39
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 195.

40
. Richard,
St Louis
, pp. 99–112 summarizes Louis’s plans, preparations and departure; for the relics of the Passion, see Angold,
Fourth Crusade
, pp. 237–40.

41
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 197. For modern narratives and discussion in English of the Egyptian campaign, Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 493–504; Richard,
St Louis
, pp. 113–52; Holt,
Age of Crusades
, pp. 82–4; Irwin,
Middle East
, pp. 19–27. The most vivid chronicle account is John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 195–264; the Rothelin continuation of William of Tyre included an important letter from Jean Sarasin and other details,
Eracles
, pp. 566–71, 589–623; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, pp. 66–9, 85–108.

42
. John of Colonna, RHGF, xxiii, 19 for the vessels.

43
. For a recent discussion, P. Jackson,
The Mongols and the West
(London 2005), esp. chaps. 3–7.

44
. Jackson,
Mongols
, pp. 87–93 and refs.

45
. Described by the well-informed Jean Sarasin,
Eracles
, pp. 569–71; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, pp. 68–9; John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 197–8, 282–3; cf. Jackson,
Mongols
, pp. 98–100.

46
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 288, and generally pp. 282–8.

47
. See the lurid but serious fascination shown by Matthew Paris throughout his
Chronica Majora
, e.g. iv, 76–8, 270–77, 386–9; for his drawing of alleged Mongol cannibalism, M. R. James (ed.), ‘The Drawings of Matthew Paris’,
Walpole Society
, 14 (1925–6), no. 86. For the cultural and intellectual significance of such opening of the east to direct western scrutiny, Biller,
Measure of Multitude
, chap. 9, esp. pp. 227–35.

48
. For numbers, Strayer, ‘Crusades,’ pp. 493–4.

49
. On this contingent, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 108–10; Lloyd,
English Society
, p. 137, and notes 105–6 for refs.

50
.
Eracles
, p. 571; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 69.

51
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 203–4.

52
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 214.

53
.
Eracles
, p. 592; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 87.

54
. Ibn Wasil, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 286, 288 and, generally for the Nile campaign, pp. 284–302.

55
. John of Joinville,
Histoire
(French text), p. 140; John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 262 omits the detail that the Frenchman had come to Egypt with the Fifth Crusade.

56
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 210.

57
. After her own interlude in power in the summer of 1250, she promptly married her successor, the Turkish emir Aybak.

58
.
Eracles
, pp. 594–5; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 89.

59
. For the timber for war machines, John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 213–17;
Eracles
, p. 600; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, pp. 92–3.

60
. For the victory and defeat at Mansourah, John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, pp. 218–42; cf. the Rothelin version,
Eracles
, pp. 599–616; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, pp. 92–103; Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 288–95.

61
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 90.

62
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 225.

63
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 222.

64
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 224.

65
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 222.

66
. P. Cole, D. L. d’Avray, J. Riley-Smith, ‘Application of Theology to Current Affairs: Memorial Sermons on the Dead of Mansourah and on Innocent IV’,
Historical Research
, 62 (1990), 227–47, esp. Odo of Châteauroux’s sermon on 2 King’s 1:18, David’s lament over Jonathan.

67
. For the Longspee heroics and early legend, Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, v, 76–7, 105–9, 116–17, 130–34, 138–44, 147–75, 201–4 (p. 154 for ‘manifest martyr’), 254, 280–81. S. Lloyd, ‘William Longspee II: The Making of an English Hero’,
Nottingham Medieval Studies
, 35 (1991), 41–69 and, with T. Hunt, 36 (1992), 79–125.

68
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 291.

69
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 239.

70
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 292; John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 237;
Eracles
, p. 610; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 99.

71
.
Eracles
, p. 611; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 100.

72
. Quoted Richard,
St Louis
, p. 125.

73
. John of Joinville,
Life of Louis
, p. 243.