Goebbels: A Biography (115 page)

106.
Regierung Hitler
, vol. 1, no. 383, Ministerbesprechung on 2 August 1934.

107.
TB, 8 August 1934;
VB
(B), 8 August 1934.

108.
TB, 31 July, 4 August 1934.

109.
TB, 8 August 1934.

110.
TB, 16 August 1934: “Hindenburg’s will is being published. Papen’s ideas aren’t a threat. It can go out!”
VB
(B), 16 August 1934; Mühleisen, “Das Testament Hindenburgs vom 11. Mai 1934”; Pyta,
Hindenburg
, 865f.

111.
TB, 4–8, 14, 16, and 18 August 1934.

112.
On the plebiscite, see Jung,
Plebiszit
, 61ff.; results, 68.

113.
TB, 20 August 1934.

114.
Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Berlin 1934
, 317.

115.
TB, 22 August 1934.

116.
TB, 22 August 1934.

1.
TB, 29 August 1934.

2.
TB, 31 August 1934, on the stay from 29 August to 6 September 1934.

3.
TB, 6, 8, 10, 11 September;
VB
(B), 7 September 1934, “Die Propaganda als Mittlerin zwischen Volk und Führung”;
VB
(B), 10 September 1934, “Die Kraft des Nationalsozialismus liegt in der persönlichen Vebindung mit dem Volke. Dr. Goebbels vor den Propagandaleitern und Rednern der N.S.D.A.P.”

4.
TB, 26 August 1934; he had already discussed the Party rally film with her at the beginning of May (TB, 4 May 1934). Later he referred to the result and its director in more positive terms (17 and 23 October), albeit still with an important qualification: “Leni is able. If only she were a man.” TB, 22 November 1934. On the film, see Kinkel,
Scheinwerferin
, 62ff.; Trimborn,
Karriere
, 198ff.; Rother,
Verführung
, 67ff.; Bach,
Leni
, 123ff.; Martin Loiperdinger,
Der Parteitagsfilm “Triumph des Willens” von Leni Riefenstahl. Rituale der Mobilmachung
, Opladen 1987. BAB R 109 I/1029b, Protokoll der Ufa-Vorstandssitzung, 28 August 1934 (no. 1021).

5.
TB, 30 March 1933, see also 28 March concerning the meeting with Riefenstahl.

6.
TB, 1 October 1934;
Der Angriff
, 1 October, published Goebbels’s speech at the opening ceremony, also published in Heiber (ed.),
Goebbels Reden
, no. 21.

7.
On the opening ceremony, see TB, 11 October 1934;
Der Angriff
, 9 October 1934, “Ein Winter ohne Repräsentation—Aber der entschlossenen Hilfe aller. Der Führer und Dr. Goebbels eröffnen das soziale Werk der Winterhilfe” (headline). On 9 December politicians, actors, and sportsmen went onto the streets with collecting boxes and, according to Goebbels, collected “a huge amount.” TB, 10 December 1934;
Der Angriff
, 10 December 1934, “Die Millionen Groschen haben’s gemacht. Unbekannte und Prominente erzählen.”

8.
TB, 10 November 1934.

9.
VB
(B), 25/26 December 1934 “Volksweihnacht auf der Straße”; TB, 25 December 1934.

10.
Hugo Ringler, “Und wieder rollt die Versammlungslawine,” in
UWW
, 1934, 335–38, quotation 338.

11.
Dietrich Thurner, “Werbemaßnahmen in bäuerlichen und kleinstädtischen Gebieten,”
UWW
, January 1935, 18–19.

12.
TB, 25–27 October 1934.

13.
TB, 27 October 1934.

14.
TB, 22 October 1936. See Moll, “Steuerungsinstrument im ‘Ämterchaos’?”

15.
Klemperer,
LTI
.

16.
Münk,
Die Organisation des Raumes im Nationalsozialismus
, esp. 122ff.

17.
Westphal,
Werbung im Dritten Reich
.

18.
Westphal,
Berliner Konfektion und Mode, 1836–1939
.

19.
Kershaw,
Der Hitler-Mythos
, 81.

20.
I refer to the detailed analysis of the reliability of the regime’s reports on the public’s attitude toward the persecution of the Jews contained in my book
“Davon haben wir nichts gewusst!”

21.
Lerg, “Richtlinien für die Gesamthaltung der deutschen Presse.”

22.
Lerg, “Richtlinien,” 239.

23.
Lerg, “Richtlinien,” Point 5, 240.

24.
Lerg, “Richtlinien,” Point 6, 240.

25.
Lerg, “Richtlinien,” Point 7, 240.

26.
Lerg, “Richtlinien,” Point 8, 240f.

27.
Lerg, “Richtlinien,” Point 15, 242.

28.
DAZ
, 29 October 1934 (E), “Unser öffentliches Amt” (editorial).

29.
Der Angriff
, 19 November 1934, “Die Presse Mitarbeiter der Regierung,” also published in Heiber (ed.),
Goebbels Reden
, no. 23, quotations 178, 185; TB, 20 November 1934.

30.
TB, 20 November 1934.

31.
VB
(B), 1 December 1935, “Reichsminister Dr. Goebbels vor den deutschen Schriftleitern” (headline).

32.
Erste Anordnung des Präsidenten der Reichspressekammer aufgrund der 1. VO zur Durchführung des Reichskulturkammergesetzes vom 13. Dezember 1933
(Handbuch Dt. Tagespresse
, 1934, p. 325); Anordnung über die Schließung von Zeitungsverlagen zwecks Beseitigung ungesunder Wettbewerbsverhältnisse vom 24. April 1935
(Recht RKK
, RPK III, 13); Anordnung zur Wahrung der Unabhängigkeit des Zeitungsverlagswesens:
Recht RKK
, RPK III, no. 11); Hale,
Presse
, 153ff.

33.
Hale,
Presse
, 157, 304f.

34.
On his hesitant assessment of Amann’s intentions, see TB, 30 March 1935; on his rejection of them, see 27 April 1935; on their agreement, 9 May 1935.

35.
See p. 316.

36.
Rosenberg,
Tagebuch
, 13 July, 2 August 1934.

37.
TB, 11 and 22 July, 24 August (quotation), 13 and 28 September, 5 October, 2, 4, 14, and 28 November as well as 13 and 15 December 1934.

38.
On the celebration of Strauss’s 70th birthday, see Wulf,
Musik
, 195f.

39.
BAB, NS 8/171, Letter of 20 August (on this TB, 26 August 1934).

40.
TB, 24 July 1934: “Monday: Conversation with Strauss (!). He must withdraw his new opera with the Jewish libretto.” 31 August 1934: “Strauss opera can be performed.” On the production of “Die Schweigsame Frau,” see Wulf,
Musik
, p. 196f.

41.
Discussed in Brenner, “Die Kunst im politischen Machtkampf der Jahre 1933/34,” 33f.; original in the YiVO Institute in New York.

42.
Hitler’s speech of 5 September, published in
Reichstagung in Nürnberg 1934
, Streicher (ed.).

43.
DAZ
, 25 November 1934, “Der Fall Hindemith”; abbreviated in Wulf,
Musik
, 373ff.; Prieberg,
Kraftprobe
, 168ff. (on the premiere) and 185ff. (on the Hindemith dispute).

44.
Der Angriff
, 28 November 1934, “Warum Vorschuß-Lorbeeren für Konjunktur-Musiker Hindemith? Musik ohne Resonanz im Volke” (headline); see also
VB
, 29 November 1934, Fritz Stege: “Und abermals Paul Hindemith.”

45.
Prieberg,
Musik im NS-Staat
, 61ff.

46.
TB, 30 November, 2, 4, and 6 December; see also 19 and 25 December 1934.

47.
Published in Wulf,
Musik
, 376ff., according to the reports of the
Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger
of 7 December 1934.

48.
TB, 18 February 1935.

49.
TB, 28 February 1935;
VB
(B), 1 March 1935, “Reichsminister Dr. Goebbels empfing Furtwängler”; Prieberg,
Kraftprobe
, 227ff. Furtwängler met Rosenberg on 9 April, Rosenberg and Hitler on 10 April 1935; TB, 11 April 1935.

50.
Prieberg,
Kraftprobe
, 195ff.

51.
Aster,
“Das Reichsorchester.”

52.
TB, 5 May, 23 June, 11 September 1935; Prieberg,
Kraftprobe
, 232ff., 244f.

53.
Bollmus,
Das Amt Rosenberg
, 77.

54.
VB
(M), 10 December 1934; TB, 13 December 1934.

55.
TB, 28 November, 15 and 23 December 1934.

56.
A letter from Dressler-Andress of 8 June 1935 reports on the Reich conference of the NS-Kulturgemeinde in Düsseldorf on 7 June being dominated by a real sense of victory vis-à-vis the RKK. Wulf,
Theater und Film im Dritten Reich
, 71f.

57.
VB
(N), 19 June 1935, “Wie steht der Nationalsozialismus zur Kunst”; see also the reply in ibid., 20 June 1935, Alfred Rosenberg, “Rückblick auf Düsseldorf.” TB, 19 June 1935, 9 and 13 June 1935. On 3 June 1935 Rosenberg sent a 26-page memorandum to Hitler, in which he used the cases of Strauss, Hindemith, and Furtwängler to demonstrate that because its priority was representation and not ideology the Reich Chamber of Culture was not fit for the purpose. Piper,
Alfred Rosenberg
, 381.

58.
Wulf,
Musik
, 194ff.; Strauss to Zweig, 17 June 1935, published in Strauss and Zweig,
Briefwechsel
, 142; Bollmus,
Das Amt Rosenberg
, 78.

59.
TB, 13 April 1935.

60.
Gestapo an die Verbindungsführer bei der Adjutantur des RfSS, 16 April 1935; published in Heiber,
Die Katakombe wird geschlossen
, 18ff. As is the case with the other official documents published in this book, the report is in the file BAB, R 58/739.

61.
On the closure, see Gestapo report, 10 May 1935, published in ibid., 36f.; TB, 9 May 1935: “The closing of the ‘Katakombe’ and ‘Tingeltangel’ agreed with Heydrich. We’ll do it very cleverly.” TB, 13 May 1935.

62.
Goebbels’s minute on the Gestapo report of 14 May 1935, published in Heiber,
Die Katakombe wird geschlossen
, 49ff. One of those affected, Werner Finck reported on his imprisonment in a concentration camp in his memoirs.
Alter Narr—was nun?
68ff.

63.
Gestapo report, 29 October 1936, Heiber,
Die Katakombe wird geschlossen
, 65.

64.
TB, 18 April 1936;
PA
1936, 408 (16 April, referring to the official announcement of the previous day; see also
FZ
, 16 April 1936). Reference to the use of this responsibility also in TB, 8 May 1936: “We issue our first police order re: newspaper and book bans.”

65.
PA
1936, 674 (25 June).

66.
PA
1937, no. 846 (12 April) and no. 923 (22 April), reminder of this directive.

67.
RGBl
. 1933 I, 95ff.

68.
Maiwald,
Filmzensur im NS-Staat
, 88ff.

69.
Maiwald,
Filmzensur
, 100ff.

70.
TB, 30 November 1934.

71.
Maiwald,
Filmzensur
, 112ff. Exemption was already possible according to a legal regulation of June 1933 but now it occurred not through special assessment panels but through the state censorship office itself.

72.
On the law, see Maiwald,
Filmzensur
, 81ff. References to the preparation of the law: TB, 28 January, 6 and 18 February 1934. Goebbels had already established a “dramaturgical office” within the Reich Chamber of Film in November 1933, to carry out a form of pre-censorship of film projects, albeit on a voluntary basis. Originally this dramaturgical office had been established by the German film industry in April 1933. Maiwald,
Filmzensur
, 130.

73.
TB, 6 February 1934.

74.
TB, 19 May 1936: “He must not be allowed to make his own films. Must provide inspiration. Be involved in everything. And always keeping an eye on things.” But evidently that’s exactly what Nierenz did not do: 9 and 18 December 1936.

75.
Der Angriff
, 10 February 1934; TB, 10 February 1934; Moeller,
Filmminister
, 153; Albrecht,
Filmpolitik
, 21f. Text in
Film-Kurier
of 10 February 1934.

76.
Film-Kurier
, 22 June 1934.

77.
The TB entries for 1934/35 are full of complaints about entertainment films of poor quality: “Cheeky rubbish” (
Wenn ich König wär
, 28 January 1934); “Stupid film” (
Freut Euch des Lebens
, 17 May 1934); “Fearful dilettantism” (
Susanne
, 28 September 1934); “sentimental trash” (
So endet die Liebe
, 19 October 1934); “Remarkably stupid nonsense” (
Mach mich glücklich
, 2 June 1935); “Kitsch” (
Amphitryon
, 13 July 1935); “Junk films” (
Königstiger und Klosterjäger
, 25 November 1935); “stupid films” (
Herbstmanöver und Teufelskerl
, 3 December 1935); “stupid kitsch. Intolerable” (
Weißes Rössl
, 6 December 1935).

78.
Moeller,
Filmminister
, 156ff.

79.
RGBl
. 1934 I, 1236. See also the statements in the official justification of the amendment law, 15 December 1934, quoted by Albrecht,
Filmpolitik
, 26.

80.
TB, 24 November, 19 December 1934.

81.
Film-Kurier
, 5 February 1935; TB, 6 February 1935.

82.
TB, 26 February, 15 April 1935.

83.
In fact his assessment was initially inconsistent: TB, 19 and 27 April, 1 May 1935.

84.
VB
(B), 1 May 1935. From 26 April the
VB
reported in detail on the congress. See also TB, 1 May 1935. The “Fundamentals” were also published in abbreviated form in the
Film-Kurier
vom 22–30 July 1935.

85.
VB
(B), 17 December 1935, “Wesen und Aufgaben der Kritik. Reichsminister Dr. Goebbels vor dem in der deutschen Presse tätigen Kritiker.” In the inside pages of the newspaper there is a report on the “Kritikertagung in Berlin.”

86.
Film-Kurier
, 16 December 1935; TB, 16 December 1935.

87.
Lichtbild-Bühne
, 16 December 1935. Goebbels also used the speech to give the production companies a set of concrete instructions for their work.

88.
RGBl
. 1935 I, 811, Zweites Gesetz zur Änderung des Lichtspielgesetzes; Maiwald,
Filmzensur
, 155ff. From October 1935 film bans could be decided on and issued only by Goebbels: BAB, NS 6/221, Rundschreiben 221/31 vom 21. November 1935 with the Führererlaß of 17 October 1935; published in Albrecht,
Filmpolitik
, 523; TB, 13 October 1935.

89.
TB, 15 and 17 October 1934.

90.
TB, 19 October 1934.

91.
TB, 29 October 1934.