Grey Wolf: The Escape of Adolf Hitler (56 page)

  81    
“first American vehicle”:
Steven J. Zaloga,
The Liberation of Paris 1944
(Oxford: Osprey, 2008).

  81    
“celebratory bottle of champagne”:
Baggott,
Atomic
.

  81    
“T-Force activities”:
Longden,
T-Force
.

  82    
“long, empty galleries”:
Edsel,
Monuments Men
.

  82    
“148 crates of looted paintings”:
Ibid.

  83    
“art train was trapped”:
Ibid. These exploits were dramatized in the 1964 movie
The Train
, directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Burt Lancaster, Paul Scofield, Jeanne Moreau, and Suzanne Flon as “Mlle. Villard”—Rose Valland.

Chapter 9: C
ASH
, R
OCKETS
,
AND
U
RANIUM

  84    
“steps to be taken”:
Manning,
Martin Bormann
.

  85    
Fritz Thyssen and his wife detained:
Yeadon and Hawkins,
Nazi Hydra
.

  85    
“Thyssen family’s private bank”:
Office of the Director of Intelligence, Field Information Agency/Technical, Report No. EF/ME/ 1, September 4, 1945; Examination of Dr. Fritz Thyssen, U.S. Group Control Council Germany.

  85    
“industrial and commercial patents”:
Yeadon and Hawkins,
Nazi Hydra
.

  86    
“after the defeat of Germany”:
Manning,
Martin Bormann
.

  86    
“leading coordinator”:
Marrs,
Rise of the Fourth Reich
.

  86    
“good offices of the Spanish banks”:
Manning,
Martin Bormann
.

  87    
“It is possible that Germany will be defeated”:
Marrs,
Rise of the Fourth Reich
.

  88    
Operation Penguin:
Steven J. Zaloga,
V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52
(Oxford: Osprey, 2003).

  88    
V-2 attacks in London:
A4/V2 Resource Site,
www.V2rocket.com
.

  88    
“under rocket attack for some weeks”:
Michael J. Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
(New York: Free Press, 1995).

  89    
“We have invaded space”:
Walter Dornberger,
V-2
(New York: Viking, 1954).

  89    
“first actual record on film”:
Roy M. Stanley II,
V Weapons Hunt: Defeating German Secret Weapons
(Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword, 2010).

  90    
“Polish Home Army partisans”:
Marek Ney-Krwawicz,
The Polish Home Army 1939–1945
, trans. Antoni Bohdanowicz (London: Polish Underground Movement (1935–1945) Study Trust, 2001). See also
www.polishresistance-ak.org/2Article.htm
, courtesy of the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London.

  90    
Operation Hydra:
Neufeld,
Rocket and the Reich
. Tragically, the majority of the casualties were press-ganged Polish workers, although the head of engine development, Dr. Walter Thiel, was also among some 735 people who were killed. Forty RAF aircraft were lost.

  91    
slave laborers:
Ibid.

  91    
“far exceeds anything ever done in Europe”:
Ibid.

  91    
Operation Penguin:
Zaloga,
V-2 Ballistic Missile
. One of the worst incidents occurred on November 25, 1944, when a V-2 fell on a Woolworth’s store in New Cross, East London, killing 168 people. The final V-2 directed against London landed in Orpington, Kent, on March 27, 1945, killing Mrs. Ivy Millichamp—the last of the 60,595 British civilians to be killed in World War II. The greatest single loss of life was the 571 people killed on December 16, 1944, when a V-2 struck the Rex Cinema on Avenue De Keyserlei in Antwerp, Belgium.

  91    
“sixty missiles per week”:
Tooze,
Wages of Destruction
.

  92    
“Confidence was so high”:
Davies,
Europe at War
.

  92    
Chartres Cathedral and the Bruges Madonna:
Edsel,
Monuments Men
. Along with a vast repository of Hitler’s fabulous art collection, the Madonna of Bruges was stored in a salt mine at Altaussee in the Bavarian Alps, where it was primed for destruction by high explosives on Bormann’s orders. The Madonna of Bruges was rescued by the Monuments Men on July 10, 1945, and returned to its home in the Church of Our Lady in Bruges, Belgium, where it resides to this day.

  93    
“apparent imminence of German defeat”:
Thacker,
End of the Third Reich
.

  93    
Arnhem:
Lewin,
Ultra Goes to War
; Stephen Badsey,
Arnhem 1944: Operation Market Garden
(Oxford: Osprey, 1993).

  93    
“another grueling battle”:
Steven J. Zaloga,
The Siegfried Line 1944–45: Battles on the German Frontier
(Oxford: Osprey, 2007).

  94    
“electromagnetic separation calutrons”:
Kelly,
Manhattan Project
.

  94    
“Gen. Groves was still not satisfied”:
It is indicative of Groves’s influence that he was able to demand specific bombing missions to hamper Germany’s nuclear researches. At his request, the Berlin suburb of Dahlem—home to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics—was included in the bombing plan for the night of February 15–16, 1944. During this heaviest RAF raid against the city of Berlin, the laboratory of leading Uranverein scientist Otto Hahn was hit and all his papers were destroyed. Thereafter, the Uranverein facilities were dispersed around Germany—but by now Alsos knew most of these locations across the country.

  95    
“Deny the enemy his brain”:
Baggott,
Atomic
.

  95    
“Nothing spelled out”:
Ibid.

  96    
“pistol remained in Moe Berg’s pocket”:
Ibid.

Chapter 10: T
HE
F
OG OF
W
AR

  97    
“There is no reason why”:
Arieh Kochavi,
Prelude to Nuremberg
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1998).

  98    
Morgenthau Plan:
Yeadon and Hawkins,
Nazi Hydra
.

  98    
Dr. Harry Dexter White:
Whiting,
Hitler’s Secret War
.

  98    
“Two of the Abwehr agents”:
Ibid.

  98    
“potato field”:
Berliner Morgenpost
, October 5, 1944, reporting a speech by Goebbels that concluded with the words, “The enemy’s destructive desires make us even harder and more determined to fight.”

  99    
“ten fresh German divisions”:
William J. Bennett,
America: The Last Best Hope
, 2 vols. (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2007).

  99    
“barely able to contain his indignation”:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Hyde Park, NY; OSS Official Dispatch Ref No. 250.

  99    
“process of money-laundering”:
Loftus and Aarons,
Secret War Against the Jews
.

  99    
Operation Safehaven:
Loftus and Aarons,
Secret War Against the Jews
; Higham,
Trading with the Enemy
. See also Yeadon and Hawkins,
Nazi Hydra in America
, for Roosevelt’s plans to use British illegal wiretaps against corporate villains in postwar trials of treason.

100    
Federal Economic Administration:
von Hassell et al.,
Alliance of Enemies
.

101    
“embarrassment to the Swiss government”:
Whiting,
Hitler’s Secret War
.

101    
“National Redoubt”:
Srodes,
Allen Dulles
.

101    
“another conduit to the Nazi leadership”:
Breitman,
U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis
. Following the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, Wilhelm Höttl had organized the transportation of 440,000 Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were put to death in the gas chambers between April and June 1944. Höttl was employed by various Allied intelligence services after the war as a reward for the part he played in Operation Crossword (see Chapter 12). He proved to be a useless informant and agent in the Cold War period.