Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (176 page)

Innocent IV (c.1195–1254), pope from 1243 98

Innocent XII (1615–1700), pope from 1691 372

inquisition, papal 61–2, 119

insignia: as holy relics 32, 268; imperial 161–3, 267–9, 273, 300–301, 310–11, 391, 647, 656–7, 674, 677; royal 182–3, 205–6, 207, 388; significance 300–301; storage 273, 286, 301, 391, 647, 677;
see also
crown

Interim (1548) 115, 740

interregna: defined 37, 318, 720; frequency 37, 158; impact 382; interpretations 378–9, 382, 430, 676; in 1437–8 401; in 1657–8 157–8, 442–3, 746; in 1740–42 477;
see also
imperial vicars

investiture: defined 23, 689; rituals 56, 60, 330, 36, 712

Investiture Dispute (1073–1122): origins 56–7, 349–50, 711; events 57–60, 207, 214, 308, 352, 711–12; impact 38, 60–62, 92–3, 145, 169, 192, 194, 199, 282, 351, 356–7, 371, 513, 712, 715

Iran
see
Persia

Ireland 86

Irene (752–803), Byzantine empress 796–802 27, 141, 703

Irene Angelina (1143–1208), German queen 141

Irenicism 121, 122

Irmingard (c.778–818), queen 313

Isaac II Angelus (1156–1204), Byzantine emperor 1186–95, 1203–4 141

Isabella II of Brienne (1211–28), queen 718

Isabella Plantagenet (1212–41), empress 215, 285

Isenburg-Birstein, Karl (1766–1820), prince from 1803 652, 654, 663

Isidor of Seville (c.560–636) 236

Islam 24, 66, 77, 78, 97, 143–9, 701

Istanbul
see
Constantinople

Istria 141, 361

Istvan
see
Stephen

Italian language 259, 260, 590

Italian Wars (1494–1559) 73–4, 119, 157, 164–5, 224, 225, 283, 447, 588, 735, 739, 742

Italy: assemblies 194, 226, 305, 345–6, 355–6, 715; chancellery 320; cultural influence 291; economy 487, 488, 491, 493, 497; and Empire 1, 7, 34, 37, 46, 163, 182, 187–94, 217, 223–7, 255, 257, 260–61, 282–3, 300, 318, 334,341, 347, 378, 392–3, 403, 468, 504, 626, 627, 681, 704, 705, 707, 709, 741; Frankish rule 25–6, 35–6, 38, 41, 47–8, 180, 182, 185, 187–91, 298, 315, 341, 505, 701–4, 706; and Habsburgs 73–6, 224–6, 433, 434, 447, 456, 470–71, 474, 478, 666–7, 740, 744; identity 282–3, 666–7; imperial church 56, 84, 341, 345, 349; nobles 284, 336, 433, 520–21, 525; Ottonian rule 49–51, 141, 179–80, 188–92, 225, 257, 281, 314, 342, 345–6, 489, 614, 617, 707; population 490; royal title 51, 68, 163, 182–3, 223, 305, 652, 753, 652, 753; Salian rule 58–9, 188–9, 192, 198, 281, 347, 349–51, 512, 513–14, 709–12; Staufer rule 63–4, 190, 192–3, 281, 354–6, 358, 359, 516, 569–70, 714–20; post-1254 imperial rule 69, 72, 156, 189–90, 193–4, 281–2, 318, 392–3, 521, 721, 723, 726, 727, 730; taxes from 226, 355, 392–3, 431; unification 194, 223–4, 226–7, 260, 282, 665, 666–7, 672;
see also
imperial Italy;
Risorgimento

itio in partes
128, 130

iter see
royal progress

Ivan III ‘the Great’ (1440–1505), grand duke of Moscovy from 1462 152, 153

Ivan IV ‘the Terrible’ (1530–81), Russian tsar from 1531 153

Ivo (c.1040–1115), bishop of Chartres 60

Ivrea 189, 341

Jacobins 160; German 643–4

Jagiellon dynasty 211, 595

Jeanne d’Arc (1412–31) 100

Jérome Bonaparte (1784–1860), king of Westphalia 1807–13 658

Jerusalem 22, 27, 64, 97, 144, 151, 699, 701; and emperors 39, 156, 287, 716; and Frederick II 39, 146–7, 313, 718–19; royal title 147, 157, 718–19; symbolized 267

Jesuit order 76, 119, 140, 264, 741

Jetta, treaty (1229) 146

Jever 220, 583, 657, 660–61

Jews: identity 251; imperial patriotism 285; legal status 100, 103–6, 117, 128, 660, 719; migrants 95; persecution 101–8, 122, 527, 675, 726; population 78, 100, 103, 107; taxation 103–4, 107, 404, 446, 719, 729

Jihlava 204

Joachim of Fiore (1135–1202), abbot 39

Jobst (1351–1411), elector of Brandenburg from 1387 394, 396, 730, 830

Jogaila (c.1351–1434), prince of Lithuania from 1377 and king of Poland from 1366 211

Johann (1296–1346), king of Bohemia from 1310 386, 388–9, 723, 725

Johann (1370–96), elector of Brandenburg (1373) and duke of Görlitz (1378) 391

Johann ‘Parracida’ (c.1290–1313) 387, 723

Johann Friedrich II (1529–95), duke of Saxony 1554–66 560

Johann Georg I (1586–1656), elector of Saxony from 1611 597

Johann Heinrich (1322–75), margrave of Moravia from 1373 391

Johann Wilhelm (1658–1716), elector Palatine from 1690 140

Johannes of Jandun (1285–1328) 69

Johannes I von Kraichgau (d.1104), bishop of Speyer from 1090 101

Johanniter see
St John, knights of

John X (d.928), pope from 914 705

John XII (c.937–64), pope from 955 50

John XVI (d.1001), anti-pope 997–8 50–51, 617

John XIX (d.1032), pope from 1024 201

John XXII (1244–1334), pope from 1316 35, 69–70, 257, 724–5

John (1167–1216), king of England from 1199 65, 170, 720

Joseph I (1678–1711), emperor from 1705 166, 222, 299, 445, 455, 470, 749

Joseph II (1741–90), emperor from 1765; Bavaria–Netherlands exchange plan 480–81; coronation 289, 290; governance 325, 427, 502, 512, 751; and imperial church 481–2, 642, 751; imperial ideal 159, 291, 479–80, 481, 638, 642; law code 609; relations 539; religious policies 76, 89, 131, 134

journeymen 261, 550

Jülich, duchy: development 375; ducal title 373; education 276; Estates 598–9; influence 199

Jülich-Cleves Estates union 598–9

Jülich-Cleves succession dispute (1609–14) 375, 472, 598, 743

Junkers
497, 512

juridification 632–7

jurisdictions: civic 53, 193, 355; comital 505; criminal 91, 94, 337, 356, 365, 502, 559, 622–3, 628; demarcation 94, 113, 184, 216, 252, 335, 367, 370, 508, 575, 582–3, 611, 718; development 326–7, 335–7, 585; disputes 128, 225, 287, 373, 513, 559, 611, 631; ducal 21, 335–6; ecclesiastical 22–3, 52–7, 84–6, 88–9, 94, 112–13, 116, 120–23, 134, 372, 482, 733, 737; feudal 492–3, 634; fragmented 492–3, 525, 556, 570, 592; immunity from 519; imperial 179, 190, 199, 215, 218, 225–6, 232, 708, 712, 741; and identity 250–51; over Jews 101; judicial 493; over land 366–7, 374, 376, 493, 510–14, 516–17; over people 336, 366–7, 492–3, 510–4; overlapping 199; public order 11, 91, 110, 510, 619–22; sale of 193, 226, 571; and status 360, 492–3;
see also
bailiwicks; territorialization; vassalage

Justi, Heinrich Gottlob (1717–71) 503, 601

justice: attitudes to 417, 603–4; harsh 50–51, 349, 615, 617–19; ideal 12, 42, 282, 499, 512, 530, 604, 608, 610, 617; open ended 623–4; politicized 604; territorial 400;
see also
courts, judicial; law codes

Justinian I (485–565), Byzantine emperor from 527 21, 700

Kaichen, county 554

Kaiserslautern 355

Kaiserswerth 92

Kaliningrad
see
Königsberg

Kamba 346

Kammergericht 624–5, 626;
see also
Reichskammergericht

Kammin, bishopric

Kamptz, Karl Albert von (1769–1849) 659

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) 176

Kantorowicz, Ernst (1893–1963) 679

Karlowitz, treaty (1699) 151, 748

Karlstein castle 273, 391

Kashubian language 260

Katzenelnbogen, Dieter V (d.1276), count of 572

Kaufbeuren, imperial city 577

Kaunitz family 412

Kehdingen 583

Kehl 453

Kempten, imperial abbey

Kettler, Gottfried (1517–87), duke of Courland from 1561 210

Kiel 201

Kiev 140, 152, 202, 234

kindreds 245–6, 248

kingdoms, defined 182

King’s German Legion 661

kingship: ideal 30, 34, 42–3, 296–301, 310, 321, 338, 348, 350, 366, 378, 397–8, 500, 524, 612, 617–18, 721; lineage 164, 196, 247, 297–8, 302–4; tasks 273, 295–6, 332, 525;
see also
monarchy

kinship 90, 181, 193, 237, 297–8, 304, 363, 367, 520, 548, 555, 661, 704

Knigge, Adolph baron (1751–96) 643

knights: associations 556–7, 573, 729; created 393; and emperor 241, 400; employed 495, 497, 521, 554, 562, 624, 647; fiefs 364, 511, 559–60, 561; ideal 241, 568; and ministeriales 376, 383; origins 241, 347;
see also
imperial knights

Knights of the Sword
see
Livonian Order

Knights Revolt (1521–3) 110, 553, 557–8, 563, 738

Knut (990–1035), king of England and Denmark from 1016 32, 212–13, 214

Kolberg (Kolobrzeg) 83

Königsberg 108, 210, 220, 473, 507, 678

Konstanz, bishopric 517

Konstanz, town 231, 332, 577, 663, 679–80;
see also
Constance, church council

Konstanz, treaty (1183) 569–70

Korneleimünster, abbey 635

Kosovo Polje, battle (1389) 142

Krain, duchy 96, 187, 362, 382, 383, 399, 428, 741

Kreise: assemblies 286, 403, 415–16, 417, 419, 420, 437, 444, 451, 453, 455, 457, 459, 529, 531, 566, 594, 642, 646, 652, 741; associations 566–7, 574, 578; dissolution 658; effectiveness 415, 642, 644; exclusion from 225, 403, 436, 736; influence 564; legacy 664; maps 254; military organization 459–61, 477; origins 218, 403, 624; reform of 641, 646, 651, 657; role 218, 403, 437, 465–8, 566–7, 577, 626, 631, 736, 740–41; taxation 404, 447, 450–54; territorial composition 218

Kunigunde (c.978–1033), empress 32, 297, 301, 314, 346

Kurdistan 150

Kutná Hora 204

Kuttenberg, treaty (1485) 118

Kyffhäuser myth 40, 287, 674

Ladenburg 572

Ladislas V Posthumous (1440–57), king of Hungary (1444) and Bohemia (1453) 733

Lambert II (c.880–98), emperor from 894 48

Landau League (1522) 558

landownership 492–3, 497–8

Landsberg Alliance (1556)

Landstuhl castle 558

Landsknechte
241

Landschaften
530, 592, 690

Landvogteien see
bailiwicks

Langhe 224

Langobardia 21, 701;
see also
Lombardy

Lateran palace 61, 62, 68, 310

Latin language 234, 256, 259, 264, 300, 400, 596

Latvia 98

Lauenburg
see
Sachsen-Lauenburg

Lavant, bishopric 112, 838

law: common 607; canon 23, 53, 56, 60, 464, 606; civic 514, 606, 607, 623; feudal 605; Koranic 145, 146, 148; manorial 605; national 265; Natural 279, 500, 608, 609; Norman 354; Prussian 511; revisions to 244; Roman 5, 356, 397, 424–6, 606–8, 618; rule of 12, 148, 531, 539, 600, 636–7; Salic 238, 247; Scriptural 608; sources 604; territorial 464, 540, 607–10; universal 322; village 606, 607; written 322, 605–10, 615, 635;
see also
imperial law

law codes: codification 53, 464, 506, 540, 589, 608–10, 636, 641, 659, 660, 666; civic 95, 507, 514; Frankish 79, 238–9; Habsburg 502, 609; and identities 238; imperial 105; influence 507; political significance 428; Napoleonic 666; Roman 5; territorial 511, 608, 609–10, 611, 628, 660, 665–6;
see also
Carolina law code

League above the Lake (1405) 588

League of Princes (1785) 134, 482, 640–41

Lebanon 147

Lebus, bishopric 733

Lechfeld, battle (955) 37, 41, 49, 84, 187, 205, 268, 299, 342, 707

Legnano, battle (1176) 666–7

Legstädte
405

Leibherrschaft
492

Leihezwang
363–4

Leiningen 663

Leipzig: founded 506, 714; sumptuary laws 261–2; trade fair 463–4

Leipzig, battle (1813) 668

Lemgo 447

Leo III (d.816), pope from 795 26–7, 29, 33, 38, 84, 138, 161, 298, 309, 703, 717