Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (179 page)

Otto ‘the Red’ of Wittelsbach (1117–83), count Palatine 1156–80 and duke of Bavaria from 1180 359

Ottokar I (1155–1230), king of Bohemia from 1198 207

Ottokar II (1233–78), king of Bohemia from 1253 382, 385, 721

Ottoman empire: growth 140, 143–4, 147–9, 179, 732; imperial status 148–51, 163, 743; influence in Empire 108, 596; and Islam 143–4, 238; minorities in 78, 144, 153; symbols 148–9, 732; as threat 71, 114, 212, 221, 263, 281, 289, 399, 429, 431, 448, 529, 557, 576, 595, 625, 732; truces with Empire 150–51, 738, 743, 736; wars against 150–51, 394, 439, 442, 445, 450–51, 454, 456, 459, 461–2, 541, 647, 738–9, 743, 746–50

Ottonian dynasty: eastwards expansion 140, 142, 202–7; and Franks 34, 257, 298, 301, 3242; as ‘German’ kings 45, 706; governance 10, 180, 185, 186, 196, 198, 299, 321, 332–4, 342–6, 348–9, 374, 605, 612–17, 623; and imperial church 32, 83, 84–6, 89–91, 112, 186, 314, 344–5, 610, 706–8; imperial ideal 31, 34, 206, 213, 268, 274, 302; imperial reform 31, 34, 397; and Italy 49–51, 141, 179–80, 189–92, 225, 314–16, 318, 342, 345–6, 489, 614, 617, 707; origins 34, 45, 239, 247, 298, 706; palaces 274; and papacy 49–51, 65, 350, 707; relations 297, 343; Renaissance 266; society 240, 488–90; symbols 39, 267–9; and vassals 328–30; warfare 51, 202–4, 212, 299, 321–2, 329, 344, 345, 489; wider influence 155–6

Ottonianum
(962) 49

outlaws
see
imperial ban

Overijssel, province 228

Paderborn, bishopric: cathedral 91, 300, 490; finances 542; foundation 84; insurance scheme 641; wealth 372

Paderborn, town 332, 643

Padua 569

pagans 77, 81–2, 92, 108, 209, 211, 240

palaces: Byzantine 36, 139, 148; Chinese 331; design 433, 501, 638; imperial 35–6, 45–6, 256, 270, 273–4, 286, 318, 332, 355, 665, 674; location 332, 356, 374, 513–14; papal 61, 62, 68; princely 274, 372, 433, 501, 522, 638, 664; royal 87, 90, 188, 274, 280, 356, 374, 504, 506, 513

Palaiologian dynasty 138, 142, 152

Palatine, counts: emergence 199, 351, 362; prerogatives 318–19, 374

Palatinate: arch office 284, 319; inherits Bavaria 480–81; rivalry with Bavaria 125, 428, 440, 565; development 185, 199, 373–4; economy 490, 554; electoral title 125, 199, 307, 410, 440, 552, 727; and Empire 283–4; Estates 530; finances 395, 465, 473, 532, 533, 543; government 122, 374, 526; and imperial title 431; as imperial vicar 317–18; influence 122–7, 132, 373, 376, 386, 418, 441, 552, 565, 575, 577, 722, 730, 734, 742–4, 748; invaded 173; nobles 554, 561,; princely status 361; religion 122, 129–30, 132, 439, 552, 748; rulers 318, 355, 359, 363, 373, 381, 395, 418, 641; territory 369, 373–4, 440, 476

Palatinate, Lower 318

Palatinate, Upper 390

Palermo 703

Pallavincino family 224

Palm, Johann Philipp (1766–1806) 655

Pandulf ‘Iron Head’ (d.981), duke of Spoleto and Capua 191, 345

Panisbriefe
481–2

Pannonia 203–4

papacy: censorship 275; criticism of 51–2, 71, 261, 263, 680, 724; ecclesiastical authority 22–3, 27–9, 47, 54, 55, 60, 72, 100, 113, 140; and electors 68, 194, 387, 396, 398, 552, 722, 725, 727; and Empire 3, 6, 8, 19, 24–9, 34–7, 39, 45–51, 53–76, 82, 97–8, 100, 103, 110–11, 112–13, 115, 119, 136, 138, 145, 164, 169–70, 187, 189–94, 197, 215, 257, 261, 264, 287, 298, 308–10, 312, 318, 322, 330, 333, 342, 349, 350–51, 378, 388–9, 392, 404, 569, 581, 617, 669, 677, 702–3, 705–7, 711–20, 724–5, 730, 732–3, 737, 738–9; and European monarchs 59–60, 67–70, 72, 75, 76,109, 147, 192, 205, 214, 392, 723, 728; governance 50, 54, 61, 69, 76, 323, 525; imperial pretentions 65; and Italy 3, 224–5, 506, 716–17; and Normans 55, 59, 63–4, 192, 711, 715; origins 22, 701; and peasants 581; possessions 23, 29, 49, 162, 189–94, 197, 224, 666, 701–2, 717; reform of 48, 51–5, 61–2, 71–2, 74, 109–10, 618, 730; and Roman clans 23, 36, 48, 50, 54; schisms 50, 51, 58, 61, 70–73, 143, 351, 371, 396, 397, 724–5, 728, 720–21; symbols 23, 271; taxes 54, 68, 72, 263; written culture 14, 53, 269, 323

pardons 344, 352, 615, 616–17, 619

Paris 156, 199

Paris, treaty (1814) 658

Paris university 71, 236, 300

Paris, Matthew (1200–1259) 66

parishes 88–9, 94, 250, 504, 581, 588, 589

Parma, duchy 224

Paschalis II (d.1118), pope from 1099 59–60, 97

Passau, bishopric 517, 625, 650

Passau, treaty (1552) 115, 116, 117, 137, 740

Patarenes 53, 57, 513

Patrimonium 23, 29, 64, 189–93, 701–2

patriotic societies 551

patriotism 280;
see also
imperial patriotism

patronage: artistic 272–3, 275, 300; ecclesiastical 52–3, 56, 86–94, 230, 248, 314, 504; political 122–4, 129, 195, 213, 221–2, 339, 349, 372–3, 374, 384, 392, 393, 432–4, 437, 442, 444–5, 471, 474, 596; social 242, 247

Paul III (1468–1549), pope from 1534 119

Pavia: as imperial centre 35, 63; and leagues 569; palace 45–6, 513; as royal capital 21, 25, 51, 188, 505, 701, 722

Pavia, synod (1054) 53

peace: attitudes 603; household 509; ideal 12, 97, 111–12, 149–50, 172, 282, 397, 499, 530; maintenance 11, 175–6, 218, 337, 463, 536; symbolized 272–3;
see also
public peace

Peace of God 619

peasants: attitudes to 636; conscripted 456; economic conditions 491–2; feuds 399; free 489, 633; and imperial courts 287, 632–6, 643, 738; insurrections 167, 193, 587–8, 591–3, 601–2, 633–4, 643, 722, 738; landownership 497–8; and lords 491–8, 574; protection 633; origins 489; social status 243, 492–3;
see also
German Peasants War

Pechenegs 204

penance 30, 150

Penn, William (1644–1718) 176

‘Pennsylvania Dutch’ 168

Pentapolis 190

Pergen, Johann Anton count von (1724–1814) 289

Persia 4, 38, 42, 140, 144, 149, 150, 167

personal presence, culture of: defined 267, 300; decline 13, 269, 274, 407, 417–20, 481; elements 300, 330, 337–9, 365, 418, 522, 525, 548, 565, 580, 709; and Empire 274, 394

personal unions 133, 169, 212, 218–20, 222–3, 375

Personenverbandstaat
328, 676

Peru 138, 165

Peter I ‘the Great’ (1672–1725), Russian tsar from 1689 153

Peter III (1728–62), Russian tsar 1762 219

Petrarch (1304–74) 69, 282

Pfalz-Neuburg, duchy 157, 418, 598–9

Pfalz-Zweibrücken
see
Zweibrücken

Philip (1177–1208), king from 1198; death 65, 359, 717; election 64–5, 301, 306, 354, 716; excommunicated 716; relations 164, 720; wife 141

Philip I (1052–1108), king of France from 1060 59

Philip II ‘Augustus’ (1165–1223), king of France from 1180 156–7, 717

Philip IV ‘the Fair’ (1268–1314), king of France from 1285 156

Philip II (1527–98), king of Spain from 1556 117, 165–6, 225, 318, 432, 438, 740

Philip III (1578–1621), king of Spain from 1598 166, 225–6

Philip V (1683–1746), king of Spain from 1700 470, 748–9

Philip the Bold (1342–1404), duke of Burgundy from 1363

Philipp 91504–67), landgrave of Hessen from 1509 594

Philippsburg, fortress 453

Philotheus (1465–1542), abbot of Pskov 152

Piacenza, town 569

Piast dynasty 204–5, 207, 209, 211; Silesian branch 208, 358

Piccolomini, Enea Silvio (1405–64) 278, 280

Pico family 224

Piedmont 119, 473, 665, 666–7;
see also
Savoy

Pietism 129

piety: clerical 94; dynastic 74, 75, 430; imperial 30–31, 272; lay 52–3, 71, 79–80, 119, 251

pilgrimages 31, 71, 83, 98, 191, 205, 668, 708

Pippin (714–68), king of the Franks from 751 25, 34, 36, 47, 49, 189–90, 309, 702

Pisa 164, 282

Pius II
see
Piccolomini, Enea Silvio

Pius VI (1717–99), pope from 1775 76

Pius VII (1740–1823), pope from 1800 161

Pius IX (1792–1878), pope from 1846 76, 667

Planta family 590

Plantagenet dynasty 214–16

ploughs 490

plunder 36, 151, 201, 204, 329, 344

Podibrad
see
George Podibrad

poets laureate 275

pogroms 102, 103, 106, 726

Poitiers, battle (732) 25

Polabian language 260

Poland: assembly 211, 380, 595; Christianization 83, 98, 140, 205; economy 497; and Empire 1, 83, 151, 187, 205–7, 343, 346, 708, 712; governance 204–5, 211, 601; and Habsburgs 222, 481, 731, 747; identity 258, 262; international contacts 213; Jews 102; becomes kingdom 202; monarchy 257; mythic origins 202, 258; nobles 208, 211, 264, 380; partitions 107, 159, 210, 601, 641, 645, 651, 751–2; patron saint 234; and Prussia 209–10, 262, 473–4, 481, 645; and Russia 154, 481; and Saxony 222–3, 433, 445, 471, 473, 747–8; towns 95; union with Lithuania 210, 211

police regulation: defined 690; development 534–5; impact 535–8; imperial 437, 464, 508–9, 739; interpretations 534; territorial 464, 501, 534–8, 593, 611;
see also
imperial police ordinances

Polish language 596

Polish Succession, war (1733–5) 461–2, 471, 475, 749–50

Polizei see
police regulation

Poltava, battle (1709) 154

Pomerania, duchy: and Brandenburg 419, 472; ducal title 213, 419, 714; economy 497; emergence 187, 203, 250; and Empire 213–14, 218, 714; nobles 542; religion 120; and Sweden 660

Pont-à-Mousson 199, 200

Poor Conrad Revolt (1514) 591

popolo
224

population: decline 495, 507; European 445, 487, 490; growth 51, 79, 91, 107, 184, 239, 247, 260, 349, 366, 486; mortality 494, 507; size 320, 487, 490, 495–6; urban 506–8

portraits 269–70, 271, 273

Portugal 164, 165, 470

Potsdam 508

Pragmatic Sanction (1713) 316, 363, 476, 583

Prague: as Bohemian capital 83, 124, 204; as imperial centre 35, 150, 391, 432, 440; Jews 105, 107

Prague, bishopric, later archbishopric 85, 89, 204, 207, 208, 390

Prague cathedral 273, 390

Prague Mint Consortium 466

Prague, treaty (1635) 126–7, 128, 440–41, 458, 744–5

Prague university 71, 99, 236–7, 276, 391, 429, 606, 726

Praxedis of Kiev (c.1067–1109), empress 59, 298

Premonstratensian Order 208

Premyslid dynasty 204, 207–9, 385, 705, 720, 721–3

Presbyterianism 122

Pressburg, treaty (1805) 653, 661, 753

primogeniture
see
inheritance: primogeniture

princes: associations amongst 134, 438, 456–7, 482, 547–9, 640–43; courts 243, 358, 433, 474, 523, 526, 531, 541; criticism of 231, 289, 498–9, 530–31; despotism 289, 525, 600; ecclesiastical 93–4, 131–2, 371–3, 380; elevations to 99, 132, 224, 390, 411–12, 442, 444, 477–8, 520–21, 581, 584, 661; feuding amongst 398–9; and foreign monarchs 115, 129, 137, 158, 161, 173–5, 218–20, 222–3, 444–5, 455; goals 444; governance 14, 72, 372, 524–46; hereditary possessions 360, 385, 392; ideal 500–502; and imperial institutions 408–14, 418; interpretations 3, 12, 278, 283; investiture 365; mediatized 656, 660, 661, 663; monarchical ambitions 140, 174–5, 200, 227, 283, 747–8; numbers 131, 361, 381, 411, 414; origins 10–11, 359–60; palaces 274, 372, 433, 501, 522; prerogatives 128, 174, 319, 527; reform proposals 640–43, 645–6; resentment of electors 410–11; responsibilities 366, 380, 397, 525, 527, 557, 622, 624; status 209–1–, 218, 221, 359–62, 557; tax exemption 409; territory 361; titles 198, 222, 272, 335–6, 363; titular 412

princes, college of (
Fürstenrat
) 409, 411–12, 562, 640, 642, 651

Princes’ Revolt (1552) 115, 137, 438, 559, 740

Princes’ War (1459–63) 398, 734

printing: and German identity 262; impact 109, 260, 608; invention 14, 73, 81, 266, 272, 274;
see also
culture

privileges
see
liberties

privilegium de non appellando
626–7, 690

privilegium maius
(1358) 429, 727, 733

privilegium minus
(1157) 727

protectorate rights 132, 230, 373, 376, 545, 576; and vassalage 329

Protestant Union (1608): formation 124, 440, 564, 577, 743; membership 441, 564–5, 744; organization 564–5