Heart of Europe: A History of the Roman Empire (178 page)

Mehmet II ‘the Conqueror’ (1432–81), Ottoman sultan from 1451 144, 148

Meinward (d.1036), bishop of Paderborn from 1009 91, 300, 490

Meissen, bishopric 83, 85, 94, 733

Meissen, margraviate: claims to 386; princely status 361; re-established 712; rulers 187, 206, 374, 396, 722, 723

Melanchthon, Philip (1497–1560) 264

Melander, Peter (1589–1648), count Holzapfel 241–2

Melfi, constitution (1231) 618

Memleben 286

Memmingen, imperial city 592

Mendelssohn, Moses (1729–86) 108

Menfö, battle (1044) 31, 207, 710

Merania, duchy 358, 360–61

Merchant Adventurers 578

Mergentheim 135, 661

Merovingian dynasty: and church 87; demise 25, 309, 318, 702; governance 33, 184, 331, 335, 341, 700; legacy 430

Merseburg, bishopric 733; dispute over 87, 237, 708

Merseburg, margraviate 201

Merseburg, town 332

Methodius (c.815–85) 140

Metternich family 134

Metternich, Clemens (1773–1859), prince 162

Metz, bishopric 91, 198, 23, 447, 470

Metz, imperial city 261, 740; siege (1552) 137, 230, 261

Mexico 76, 138, 165

Michael I (c.770–844), Byzantine emperor 811–13 142

Mieszko I (922–92), duke of Poland from 960 205

Mieszko II (990–1034), king of Poland 1025–31 206

migration: in late antiquity 20–21, 214; curbs on 464; destinations 95–6, 167–9, 208, 241, 475, 490, 491; exile as 107, 475; numbers 95, 168–9; overseas 167–9; twelfth-century 95–7, 187, 209, 213, 234, 239, 259, 260, 490, 506–7, 712; urban 95, 505, 506, 574

Milan, archbishopric 56, 188, 350, 513, 711

Milan, city: as capital 21, 68, 183, 701; demolished 569; influence 516, 569–70; population 506; unrest in 53

Milan, duchy: ducal title 393; and Empire 194, 224, 227, 447; and France 742; and Habsburgs 119, 225, 227, 318, 438, 447, 749; rulers 392–3, 521, 722, 730; and Swiss 588

Milan, edict (313) 22

militia 241, 456, 459, 510, 596, 648

Minden, bishopric 105

Minden, town 347

mining 204, 332, 384, 428, 494, 529, 532, 554; rights 463

ministeriales: become knights 376, 383; origins 241, 347, 690; and monarchs 91, 347; possessions 364, 66; role 333, 347–8, 371, 376, 517, 710; status 328, 376

minorities, royal 55, 164, 302, 342;
see also
regencies

mints 382, 384; numbers 463; rights 91, 345, 611; supervision 465–7

Mirandola 470

missionaries 23, 24, 81–4, 86, 88, 140, 152, 212–13, 214, 256–7

Modena, bishopric 341

Modena, duchy 194, 735

Mohács, battles (1526) 148, 737

Mollwitz, battle (1741) 476

monarchomachs
600

monarchy: command 44, 61, 269, 299, 334, 349, 352, 354, 709; contractual 58; dynastic 144, 474; elective 158, 301–9, 331, 335–6, 612; and Empire 34, 278–80; fifth 38, 174, 281; hereditary 158 , 301–4, 312, 315, 335–6, 359, 424, 439; itinerant 86, 87, 165, 331–2, 390, 432; mixed 61, 71, 105, 116, 127, 171–2, 211, 279, 296, 326, 406, 443, 732, 741; papal 23; sacral 30–32, 56, 59, 61, 152, 170, 269, 309, 348, 618, 619, 708;
see also
kingship

monasteries: as communities 250, 504; foundation 79–80, 235; governance 525; mediate 113, 132, 481–2; patronage 86–9, 196, 248, 367, 383; reform 52, 71, 80; secularization 76, 113, 132, 134, 660

Monferrato, marquisate

Mongols 41, 98, 144, 146, 152, 179, 211, 399, 719

Monteverdi, Claudio (1567–1643) 226

Monza, iron crown of 183, 793–4

‘moral economy’ 499

Moravia 107, 391, 425, 507, 661, 706, 721, 728, 730;
see also
Great Moravian Empire

Morgarten, battle (1315) 587

Moriz 91521–53), duke (1541) and elector (1547) of Saxony 739, 740

Moscovy 152

Moscow 152–3

Moser, Friedrich Carl von (1723–98) 289–90, 640

Moser, Johann Jacob (1701–85) 259, 278, 280, 285, 289, 523–4, 538–9, 638

Möser, Justus (1720–94) 641–2

Motte Fouqué, Friedrich de la (1777–1843) 670

Mughul empire 144, 169

Mühlberg, battle (1547) 115, 299, 438, 739

Mühldorf, battle (1322) 388, 724

Mühlhausen, imperial city 593

Munich 477, 506

Munich, treaty (1325) 724

Münster, bishopric: army 459, 473; Estates 599; foundation 82; influence 584; rulers 133, 539; taxation 107, 473

Münster, town 127, 578, 676

Münster, treaty (May 1648) 127, 167, 229, 745

Münster, treaty (October 1648) 127, 745

Münster, Sebastian (1488–1552) 104, 165, 259

Müntzer, Thomas (1489–1525) 110

Murat, Joachim (1767–1815) 653

Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945) 21, 676

‘mysteries of state’ 14

names 246–8

Namur, county 200, 495

Nancy, battle (1477) 200

Naples, kingdom: Angevin rule 67, 68, 192, 392, 720, 721, 723; Bourbon rule 666; and Empire 64, 192; French invasion 157, 735; Norman rule 64, 191–2, 225, 714; rebellions 618; royal title 225; and Spain 119, 192, 479, 735, 740, 749; territory 354

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821): campaigns 151, 473, 649, 664; and Charlemagne 161; government 515; imperial ambitions 2, 161–3; imperial title 161, 652, 753; legacy 4, 224, 656; reorganizes Germany 135, 639, 646, 648, 652–6, 658–64, 735; wife 661

Napoleonic Wars (1801–15) 292, 639, 652–3, 656, 670–71

Nassau, duchy: development 386; ducal title 373; influence 229, 655, 660, 662; and Reichstag 413

Nassau-Siegen, principality 633

Nassau-Siegen, Johann Moritz von (1604–79) 167

nationalism: British 291, 684; ‘cultural’ 3; Czech 204, 281, 667–8; defined 233–7; ‘delayed’ 3; essentialist 255, 281, 667; ‘federal ‘ 668; German 7, 96, 214, 236, 255–65, 289–92, 663, 667–78; and history 2, 7, 41, 111, 167, 170, 183–4, 200–201, 217, 226, 233–4, 282, 328, 422, 571, 653, 666–78, 681; Italian 282–3, 666–7; and nobles 284; political impact 219–20; Swiss 231;
see also
identity

Naumburg, bishopric 733

Naumburg, town 201

navies: Austrian 168, 456; Brandenburg 168

Nazareth 146

Nazis 328, 676–8, 679

Nebuchadnezzar (d.562
BC
), Babylonian king from 604
BC
38

necessity, ideas of 499, 501–2

Nepomuk, John (c.1343–93) 394

Neresheim abbey 545

Netherlands: and Empire 1, 108, 184, 186, 228–30;
see also
Dutch Republic

Netherlands, Habsburg 228–30, 645, 649, 748, 749; exchange plans 480; Reformation in 108, 121; revolt 751; taxes 447;
see also
Burgundian Kreis

Neuburg on the Unstrutt 374

Neumann, Bernd (b.1942) 682

New World 11, 46, 138, 165–9, 438

newspapers 277

Nibelungenlied
669

Nicephorus I (d.811), Byzantine emperor from 802 142

Nicolai, Friedrich (1733–1811) 638

Nicholas I (c,820–67), pope from 858 47

Nicholas V (d.1333), anti-pope 1328–30 35, 724–5

Nicholas V (1397–1455), pope from 1447 733

Nicopolis, battle (1396) 299, 394

Niederalteich monastery 316

Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900) 66

nikolaitism 52, 53

Nimwegen 45

Nine Years War (1688–97) 129, 173, 227, 461, 470, 746–8

Nithard (c.790–844) 256

noblity: associations amongst 377, 396, 549, 553–62, 573; corporate rights 240, 242, 528; and courts 432–4; criticism of 245, 284, 399, 513, 568; ecclesiastical patronage 52–3, 55, 86–9, 504; education 300, 322; elevations to 242, 433, 444, 474, 521, 568, 733; families 246–7, 284, 368; feuding 398–9; hierarchy 347, 375–7, 553; identity 242–3, 248, 367–8, 549; military obligations 240, 322; numbers 339, 561; origins 240; patent 244, 433–4; political representation 528, 594; rebellion 342, 346; tax status 242, 541–2, 557; territorial 284, 376, 437, 558; titles 356; wealth 498;
see also
imperial knights
and under individual countries

Nomeny 230

Norden, town 584

Nordhausen, imperial city 40

Nördlingen, battle (1634) 126, 564

Nördlingen, imperial city 544

Normandy 191, 215–16

Normans: conquests 97, 142, 146, 191, 214, 710; in Italy 67, 95, 145, 191–2, 354, 618, 709, 714; origins 191, 341; and papacy 55, 59, 63–4, 97, 192, 711, 715

normative year 116, 123, 126–9, 130, 740, 748

North German Confederation (1867) 672

Northern War (1655–60) 210, 473

Norway 213, 219

Novgorod 152

Nüfels, battle (1388) 587

nuncios 134

Nuremberg, burgraviate 362, 384, 390, 730

Nuremberg, imperial city: annexed 646; bank 466; defences 576; and emperors 272; finances 532, 576; as imperial centre 180, 385, 394, 408, 416, 467, 522, 574, 731, 745; and imperial insignia 273, 286, 677, 679; influence 575; law 507; main square 391; national museum 670; pogrom 103; possessions 390, 518; religion 259

Nuremberg, treaty (1542) 230

Nymphenburg 274

Nyvel abbey 87

oaths: association 513, 547–8, 587; homage 330; of kings 311; of loyalty 57, 231, 308, 355, 417; release from 57

Oberlahnstein 395

Oberndorf 135

Ochsenhausen abbey 544

Ockham, William of (d.1349) 69

Oda (806–913), countess of Saxony 82, 86

Odo (d.1037), count of Champagne from 995

Odovacar (435–93) 20, 21

Offenburg, imperial city

officials: bailiffs 383, 386, 573; and centralization 354–5, 397; clergy as 284, 319–20, 517, 525–6, 607, 706; district 370, 556, 590; education 380, 525–6; nobles as 383, 386, 400, 425, 495, 497, 517, 526, 556, 595, 633; numbers 526–7; recruitment 259, 284–5, 291, 383, 392, 395, 425, 433, 521, 607, 633; status 244; urban 519–22; village 510–12;
see also
ministeriales

Oldenburg, duchy 219–20, 583, 662, 665

Oldenburg dynasty 219

oligarchy 193, 265, 519–22, 531, 568

Olmütz (Olomouc), bishopric 204

opera 273, 291, 522

Oppenheim, imperial city 134

Oppenheimer, Joseph Süß (1698–1738) 108

Orange dynasty 229, 595

ordines
309, 313, 690

Oriflamme
156

Ortenau, bailiwick 390

Osman I (1259–1326) 144

Osnabrück, bishopric 130

Osnabrück, town 127

Osnabrück, treaty (1648) 127–8, 130, 745

Ostend Company 168

Ostrogoths 21

Otloh of Regensburg (c.1010–72) 618

Otranto 345

Öttingen, county 545

Öttingen-Wallerstein, Philipp (1759–1826), count 658

Otto I (912–73), emperor from 962; burial 286; and Byzantium 141; coronation 37, 41, 45, 49, 84, 155, 182, 185, 256, 267, 298, 299, 345, 707; election 305; governance 180, 188, 189, 191, 198, 343, 345, 706–7; and imperial church 32, 84–5, 90, 706–7; imperial ideal 31; interpretations 667; and Italy 49–50, 282, 298, 314, 345, 614; opposition to 302; and papacy 49–50, 69, 282, 707; relations 39, 315, 343; and son 614–15, 707; wives 214, 313, 329

Otto II (955–83), emperor from 973; as co-emperor 267; death 51, 346; defeat 83, 256, 299, 315, 345, 708; governance 343, 345–6, 610; and imperial church 85, 87, 101, 237, 329, 708; imperial ideal 305

Otto III (980–1002), emperor from 996; and Byzantium 141; coronation 35; death 51, 188, 206, 301, 346, 708; education 300; election 305, 315, 343, 346; and imperial church 85; imperial ideal 34, 206, 213, 268, 274; and Italy 50, 617; minority 302, 315–16, 346, 708; pilgrimage 31, 83, 205–6, 708; relations 316; wars 203, 205, 708

Otto IV (c.1175–1218), emperor from 1209; defeat 65, 156, 717; election 64, 301, 306, 359, 716; excommunication 717; relations 215; support 359, 570, 716–17

Otto of Freising (1114–58) 617