History Buff's Guide to the Presidents (67 page)

97
. Ferling,
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic
, 371–375; Formisano,
For the People: American Populist Movements from the Revolution to the 1850s
, 47–51.

98
. Ibid.

99
. Hanna quoted in Walch,
At the President’s Side: The Vice Presidency in the Twentieth Century
, 10.

100
.
New York Times
reporter quoted in Ellis, “The Joy of Power: Changing Conceptions of the Presidential Office,” 283.

101
. Morris,
Theodore Rex
, 161.

102
. Ibid., 165–66.

103
. Taylor quoted in Brinkley and Dyer,
The Reader’s Companion to the American Presidency
, 35.

104
. For the text of the Alien and Sedition Acts, see Bruun and Crosby,
Our Nation’s Archive: The History of the United States in Documents
, 195–97.

105
. Risjord,
Thomas Jefferson
, 110–11.

106
. Ibid.; McCullough,
John Adams
, 504–7, 536–37.

107
. McAdams,
George W. Bush and the Redemptive Dream: A Psychological Study
, 157. Roundtree,
George W. Bush: A Biography
, 26–28, 39. Educational levels of American population in 2000 from the U.S. Census Bureau, Kurt J. Bauman and Nikki L. Graf, “Education Attainment: 2000,” Census 2000 Brief. Available at
www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-24.pdf
.

108
. Falk,
The Riddle of Barack Obama: A Psychobiography
, 87–88, 99–101; Wagner,
Barack Obama
, 23–24.

109
. Falk, 158, 190.

110
. Martis,
The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989
, 115, 117. Max Boot, “Mr. Gates’ Farewell,” Commentary 132 (September 2011): 36–41.

111
. Thom Shanker, “Common Ground for Defense Chief and Obama,” November 26, 2008;
www.washingtonpost.com/politics/robert-gates/gIQA64IQ9O_ New York Times topic. html
; John Barry and Tara McKelvey, “The Defense Rests,”
Newsweek
, June 27, 2011, pp. 18–19; Ken Silverstein, “Six Questions for Douglas McGregor on Iraq and the ‘Surge,’”
Harper’s Magazine
(November 27, 2007), available at
www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub818.pdf
.

112
. Shanker, “Common Ground for Defense Chief and Obama;” John Barry and Tara McKelvey, “The Defense Rests,”
Newsweek
, June 27, 2011, pp. 18–19.

113
. Schier,
Panorama of a Presidency: How George W. Bush Acquired and Spent His Political Capital
, 146–148.

114
. Ibid, 149.

115
. Ibid, 149; Anderson,
Bush’s Wars: Democracy in an Age of Spectatorship
, 218; Shanker, “Common Ground for Defense Chief and Obama;” Barry and McKelvey, “The Defense Rests,” 18–19; Ken Silverstein, “Six Questions for Douglas McGregor on Iraq and the ‘Surge,’”
Harper’s Magazine
(November 27, 2007), available at www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub818.pdf.

116
. Rathnam Indurthy, “The Obama Administration’s Strategy in Afghanistan,”
International Journal on World Peace
28 (September 2011): 15; Ann Scott Tyson, “Gen. David McKiernan Ousted as Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan,”
Washington Post
, May 12, 2009; Michael Hastings, “The Runaway General,”
Rolling Stone
, June 25, 2010; Jonathan Weisman, “Obama Turns to Petraeus,”
Wall Street Journal
, June 24, 2010.

117
. Afghan land area and population from CIA World Factbook, “Afghanistan,” available at
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html
.

118
. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters, 1913–1914
, 181–202; Woelfel, ed.,
Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance, Tenth Edition
, 411–412.

119
. Allan H. Meltzer,
History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 1: 1913
–
1951
, 432–434; Meltzer,
History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 2, Book 2, 1970
–
1986
, 1013, 1052; Overtveldt,
Bernanke’s Test: Ben Bernanke, Alan Greenspan, and the Drama of the Central Banker
, 63.

120
. Sewell Chan, “Senate, Weakly, Backs New Term for Bernanke,”
New York Times
, January 10, 2010.

121
. Gup, ed.,
Too Big To Fail: Policies and Practices in Government Bailouts
, 3–5, 21–23, 26; Olson,
Herbert Hoover and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
, 39–41.

122
. Gup, 4, 31–32; Barth, Trimbath, and Yago, eds.,
The Savings and Loan Crisis: Lessons from a Regulatory Failure
, 95–96.

123
. Eisner
, American Political Economy: Institutional Evolution of Market and State
, 193–194.

124
. Eisner, 194–195; Kolb,
The Financial Crisis of Our Time
, 128.

125
. Eisner, 194-195; Kolb, 129–130.

126
. Eisner, 194-195; Kolb, 129–130.

127
. Eisner, 195; Kolb, 127, 308; Posner,
The Crisis of Capitalist Democracy
, 220–221.

128
. Eisner, 195; Kolb, 308; Posner, 221.

129
. Gingrich quoted in Brooks Jackson, “Fact Check: Gingrich’s Faulty Food-Stamp Claim,”
USAToday.com
, available at
www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2012-01-18/fact-check-gingrich-obama-food-stamps/52645882/1
.

130
. Jodie T. Allen, “The Food Stamp Program: Its History and Reform,”
Public Welfare
51 (Winter 1993); Nixon quoted in Bonny O’Neill, “Reflection on the Food Stamp Program,”
Policy and Practice
62 (June 2004): 12.

131
. O’Neill, “Reflection on the Food Stamp Program,” 11.

132
. Description of SNAP from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, “Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Households: Fiscal Year 2010,” Office of Research and Analysis (September 2011), available at
www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/Published/snap/FILES/Participation/2010CharacteristicsSummary.pdf
. Obesity rates in 1960s and 2010 from Cynthia L. Ogden et al, “Prevalence of Obesity in the United States, 2009–2010,”
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data Brief
82 (January 2010), and Cynthia L. Ogden et al, “Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Extreme Obesity Among Adults: United States, Trends 1960–1962 through 2007–2008,”
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(June 2010).

133
. Yearly U.S. Defense expenditures from Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Table 3.1, available at
www.white house.gov/omb/budget/Historicals
.

134
. Anna Mulrine, “Why Defense Spending Keeps Rising,”
Christian Science Monitor
, July 19, 2011. Yearly U.S. Defense expenditures from Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables. Worldwide defense expenditures from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,
SIPRI Yearbook 2011
, 183.

135
. “Does the Obama Administration’s FY 2013 Defense Department Budget Request Adequately Address U.S. Security Needs?”
International Debates
10 (March 2012).

136
. al-Qaeda membership from Nance,
An End to al-Qaeda: Destroying Bin Laden’s Jihad and Restoring America’s Honor
, 51–52. Defense spending and wartime spending from the Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables. Defense spending per GDP from “U.S., Allies Share of World Military Spending Shrinking,”
Reuters
, July 7, 2011.

137
. Eisner, 114–115, 137.

138
. “Overview of the Bush Tax Cuts: Economic and Budgetary Impact,”
Congressional Digest
(January 2011): 4.

139
. Eisner, 193; “Overview of the Bush Tax Cuts: Economic and Budgetary Impact,” 3–4, 32.

140
. Eisner, 195; Kolb, 127, 308; Posner, 220–221; David Herzenhorn, Jackie Calmes, “Obama Reaches Accord with G.O.P on Tax Cut; Democrats Hold Back,”
New York Times
, December 7, 2010; Calmes, John H. Cushman, Jr., John Harwood, “Obama Unveils Proposal to Cut Corporate Tax Rate,”
New York Times
, February 23, 2012. Government Accountability Office report from Calmes, “Obama Offers to Cut Corporate Tax Rate to 28%,”
New York Times
, February 22, 2012; Jennifer Steinhauer, “Tentative Deal Reached to Preserve Cut in Payroll Tax,”
New York Times
, February 14, 2012. Republic of Ireland yearly budget from CIA World Factbook, “Ireland,” available at
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ei.html
.

141
. Yearly budget surpluses and deficits from the Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables.

142
. Chernow,
Alexander Hamilton
, 4, 156, 222–243, 480–481.

143
. “Overview of the Bush Tax Cuts: Economic and Budgetary Impact,”
Congressional Digest
(January 2011): 4.

144
.
Washington Post
, September 20, 2002, A19.

145
. KPRF member quoted in Buckley and Singh, eds.,
The Bush Doctrine and the War on Terrorism: Global Responses, Global Consequences
, 63. Chavez quoted in David Stout, “Chavez Calls Bush ‘the Devil’ in UN Speech,”
New York Times
, Sept, 20, 2006; Michael Winter, “Tea Party Billboard Comparing Obama to Hitler. Lenin Removed in Iowa,”
USA Today
, July 14, 2010; Limbaugh quoted in Wilson,
The Most Dangerous Man in America: Rush Limbaugh’s Assault on Reason
, 83.

1
. Melder,
Hail to the Candidate: Presidential Campaigns from Banners to Broadcasts
, 124–25.

2
. For general overviews on the changing nature of campaigning, see Melder,
Hail to the Candidate: Presidential Campaigns from Banners to Broadcasts
; Austin,
Political Facts of the United States Since 1789
; Kelly,
Election Day
.

3
. Ferling,
Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800
, 177.

4
. James Bayard to John Adams, February 19, 1801, “Papers of James A. Bayard, 1796–1815,”
Annual Report of the American Historical Association
2 (1913): 129–30.

5
. For background on the role of Supreme Court Justices in the 1876 election, see Rehnquist,
Centennial Crisis: The Disputed Election of 1876
.

6
. Ibid., 104–5.

7
. In 2000, many Democrats blamed Green Party nominee Ralph Nader for “taking” 97,488 Florida votes that likely would have gone to the environmentalist Gore. Yet the same could be said of George W. Bush’s losing Iowa (7 electoral votes) by 4,144 votes to right-wing Reform Party candidate Pat Buchanan, who collected 5,731. In New Mexico (5 electoral votes), where Bush lost by only 366, Buchanan and Libertarian Harry Browne won a combined 3,450. And in Wisconsin (11 electoral votes), Bush lost by 5,708, while Buchanan and Browne collected a combined 18,111.

8
. Ames letter to Oliver Wolcott quoted in Smith,
The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
, 2:940.

9
. Ferling,
Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800
, 248. Jefferson quoted in Randall,
Thomas Jefferson
, 521.

10
. Smith,
The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
, 2:943.

11
. Ibid., 2:944.

12
. TR and Taft quoted in Schlesinger and Israel,
History of American Presidential Elections
, 2246, 2247.

13
. Perret,
Eisenhower
, 375; McCullough,
Truman
, 887–89.

14
. See also Denton,
The 2004 Presidential Campaign: A Communication Perspective
.

15
. Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
, 186–88.

16
. Congressional Quarterly,
Presidential Elections, 1789–2000
, 42.

17
. Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
, 291.

18
. Presidential Proclamation 4311 of September 8, 1974,
Record Group 11: General Records of the United States Government, 1778—1992
(Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1993).