History Buff's Guide to the Presidents (68 page)

19
. Pomper,
The Election of 1976: Reports and Interpretations
, 65–66, 70–72.

20
. Taylor quoted in Smith,
The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore
, 39.

21
. Ibid., 27.

22
. Ibid., 50.

23
. Truman quoted in
New York Times
, November 7, 1960.

24
. Ambrose,
Nixon
, 1:604–6.

25
. Roper quoted in the
New York Times
, November 8, 1960.

26
. Franklin quoted in Bowen,
Miracle at Philadelphia
, 60.

27
. Franklin quoted in Isaacson,
Benjamin Franklin: An American Life
, 462.

28
. Letter from Washington to Charles Pettit on August 16, 1788, from Fitzpatrick,
The Writings of George Washington
, 30:42. Washington letter to Benjamin Lincoln from ibid., 30:119.

29
. Washington quoted in Ellis,
His Excellency: George Washington
, 149.

30
. Washington quoted in Fitzpatrick,
The Writings of George Washington
, 30:174.

31
. Ibid., 30:268.

32
. Washington quoted in Tebbel and Watts,
The Press and the Presidency
, 12.

33
. Ellis,
His Excellency: George Washington
, 190–91.

34
. Fitzpatrick,
The Writings of George Washington
, 30:45, 310

35
. Cunningham,
The Presidency of James Monroe
, 106.

36
. William Plumer quoted in ibid., 107.

37
. Singer,
Campaign Speeches of American Presidential Candidates, 1928–1972
, 125.

38
. Davis,
FDR: The New Deal Years, 1933–1937
, 645.

39
. Ibid., 646.

40
. Reagan’s bombing gaffe and other misquotes from “McCain Jokes About Bombing Iran,” ABC News, July 26, 2007,
www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=3056994
.

41
. Schlesinger and Israel,
The History of American Presidential Elections
, 4162.

42
. Ibid., 4168.

43
. Abramson, Aldrich, and Rohde,
Change and Continuity in the 1984 Elections
, 67.

44
. Kennedy quoted in Schlesinger and Israel,
The History of American Presidential Elections
, 3871.

45
. Pomper,
The Election of 1976: Reports and Interpretations
, 70.

46
. White,
The Making of the President, 1972
, 198–204.

47
. Pomper,
The Election of 1976: Reports and Interpretations
, 61.

48
. Schlesinger and Israel,
The History of American Presidential Elections
, 160–65.

49
. Ibid., 162.

50
. Jefferson quoted in ibid., 168.

51
. Emerson quoted in Waugh,
Reelecting Lincoln
, 357.

52
. Lincoln quoted in Donald,
Lincoln
, 529.

53
. Sears,
The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
, 588.

54
. Letter to Samuel Barlow, November 10, 1864, in ibid., 618.

55
. Schaller,
Reckoning with Reagan
, 28–29.

56
. Morris,
Jimmy Carter: American Moralist
, 286.

57
. Schlesinger and Israel,
The History of American Presidential Elections
, 4135.

58
. Johnson quoted in Dallek,
Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973
, 136.

59
. Goldwater quoted in Schlesinger and Israel,
The History of American Presidential Elections
, 3574, 3585.

60
. Dallek,
Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973
, 138.

61
. John B. Martin quoted in Schlesinger and Israel,
The History of American Presidential Elections
, 3565.

62
. Melder,
Hail to the Candidate: Presidential Campaigns from Banners to Broadcasts
, 140; McPherson,
Ordeal by Fire
, 599.

63
.
Richmond Daily Whig
, “Reflect Well and Vote Wisely,” November 5, 1860;
St. Louis News
quoted in
Richmond Daily Whig
, October 4, 1860;
Hopkinsville (KY) Mercury
quoted in ibid. Texas media rumors from McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, 228. Banner in New York parade quoted in ibid., 224.

64
. Lincoln officially received zero votes in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas, as well as no electoral votes from the legislature of South Carolina. For a breakdown of results, see Dubin,
United States Presidential Elections: The Official Results by County and State
, 159, 168.

65
.
Richmond Daily Whig
, November 12, 1860; South Carolina Convention,
Journal of the Convention of the People of South Carolina, Held in 1860, 1861, and 1862, Together with the Ordinances, Reports, Resolutions,
etc.
, 461–66.

66
. Georgia newspaper quoted in McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, 230.

67
. Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 134.

68
. Hoogenboom,
Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President
, 259; McPherson,
Ordeal by Fire
, 593–95, 598.

69
. Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 136; Rehnquist,
Centennial Crisis: The Disputed Election of 1876
, 106–8.

70
. Rehnquist,
Centennial Crisis: The Disputed Election of 1876
, 203.

71
. Remini,
The Election of Andrew Jackson
, 102–5, 116–18.

72
. Ibid., 150–51.

73
. Jackson quoted in James,
The Life of Andrew Jackson
, 483.

74
. Adams quoted in Ferling,
Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800
, 326.

75
. Madison quoted in Randall,
Thomas Jefferson
, 520.

76
. Jefferson quoted in Akers,
Abigail Adams
, 107.

77
. Jefferson quoted in Malone,
Jefferson and His Time
, 1:275; Hamilton quoted in Lambert,
The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America
, 275;
Connecticut Courant
quoted in Kelly,
Election Day
, 47. See also Menendez,
Religion at the Polls
, 25.

78
. Jefferson quoted in Ferling,
Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800
, 181–82; Smith,
The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
, 2:1138.

79
. Abigail Adams quoted in Akers,
Abigail Adams
, 139.

80
. Remini,
Henry Clay
, 652–55.

81
. Dulce and Richter,
Religion and the Presidency
, 24–25; Menendez,
Religion at the Polls
, 26.

82
. Dulce and Richter,
Religion and the Presidency
, 26.

83
. Ibid., 27; O’Clay anecdote from Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 83.

84
. Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 322.

85
. Ribicoff quoted in Schlesinger and Israel,
History of American Presidential Elections
, 647.

86
. Reeves,
President Nixon: Alone in the White House
, 513.

87
. Reverend Ball quoted in Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 128.

88
. Congressional Quarterly,
Presidential Elections, 1789–2000
, 42–43.

89
. Ibid., 42.

90
. “Rum” slogan quoted in Menendez,
Religion at the Polls
, 31; Fischer,
Tippecanoe and Trinkets Too: The Material Culture of American Presidential Campaigns
, 128.

91
. Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 157–58, 165–66.

92
. Stephens quoted in Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 129.

93
.
New York Sun
quoted in Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 129.

94
. Fischer,
Tippecanoe and Trinkets Too: The Material Culture of American Presidential Campaigns
, 100.

95
. Greeley quoted in Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 130; Brown drinking noted in Kohn,
American Scandal
, 58.

96
. On disenfranchised minority voters, see Rakove,
The Unfinished Election of 2000
, 28, 92–95, 236–37.

97
. Robert Dudley, “The Presidential Election of 2000,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(September 2001): 508. Rigorous data analysis suggests that as many as two thousand people from Palm Beach intended to vote for Gore on the butterfly ballot but instead voted for the archconservative Pat Buchanan instead. See Jacobsen and Rosenfeld,
The Longest Night: Polemics and Perspectives on Election 2000
, 50–68.

98
. Weisberg and Wilcox,
Models of Voting in Presidential Elections: The 2000 U.S. Election
, 184. See also Dover,
The Disputed Presidential Election of 2000: A History and Reference Guide
.

99
. Atwater quoted in Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 378–79; Maryland campaign pamphlet in ibid.

100
. Democratic ad quoted in Boller,
Presidential Campaigns
, 381.

1
. Elvin Lim, “Five Trends in Presidential Rhetoric,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(June 2002): 343.

2
. National debt estimates from U.S. Office of Management and Budget,
Budget of the United States Government: Historical Tables, Fiscal Year 2007
and U.S. Commerce Department,
Statistical Abstract of the United States.

3
. Lincoln quoted in Boritt,
Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream
, 94.

4
. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom
, 443–48.

5
. Boritt,
Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream
, 206–7.

6
. Ibid., 251.

7
. Hammond,
Sovereignty and the Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War
, 134–35; Lawson, “Let the Nation Be Your Bank: The Civil War Bond Drives and the Construction of National Patriotism,” 90–91.

8
. Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
, 267.

9
. Treasury Report on Finance,
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury
(1919), 736; Ferguson,
The Pity of War: Explaining World War I
, 336.

10
. Hendricks,
The Federal Debt: 1919–1930
, 108.

11
. Treasury Report on Finance,
Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury
(1928), 416–19; Hendricks,
The Federal Debt: 1919–1930
, 1, 157.

12
. FDR quoted in Lyons,
Herbert Hoover: A Biography
, 295.

13
. Roosevelt quoted in Davis,
FDR: The New Deal Years, 1933–1937
, 641.

14
. Kelly,
The National Debt: From FDR (1941) to Clinton (1996)
, 1.

15
. Ibid., 23.

16
. Reagan quoted in Walter Isaacson, “America’s Incredible Day,”
Time
, February 2, 1981.

17
. U.S. Office of Management and Budget,
Budget of the United States Government: Historical Tables, Fiscal Year 2007
, 31.