History Buff's Guide to the Presidents (72 page)

106
. George W. Bush, “Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People,” September 20, 2001,
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/sept_11/president_025.htm
.

107
. State Department Washington File quoted in Kassop, “The War Power and Its Limits,” 524; Andrew Rudalevige, “The Structure of Leadership,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(June 2005): 334.

108
. Kassop, “The War Power and Its Limits,” 509; James M. Lindsay, “Deference and Defiance: The Shifting Rhythms of Executive-Legislative Relations in Foreign Policy,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(September 2003): 537.

109
. Troop levels and losses in Afghanistan and Iraq from Ian S. Livingston and Michael O’Hanlon, “Afghanistan Index,” Brookings Institute, February 29, 2012, pp. 4, 11, available at
www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/afghanistan%20index/index.pdf
and “Iraq Index,” January 31, 2011, pp. 3, 11–12. Official and academic estimates on costs of Second Gulf–Iraq War and Afghan War from Jamie Wilson, “Iraq War Could Cost over $2 trillion, Says Nobel Prize–Winning Economist,”
Guardian
, January 7, 2006; Scott Wallsten, “The Economic Cost of the Iraq War,”
Economists’ Voice
3, no. 2 (2006): art. 1,
www.bepress.com/ev/v013/iss2/art1
. Livingston and O’Hanlon, “Afghanistan Index,” 18, “Iraq Index,” 29.

110
. Hesseltine,
Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology
, 137; Flagel,
The History Buff’s Guide to the Civil War
, 263–64; see also Speer,
Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War
.

111
. Adams,
Doctors in Blue
, 135–36; Johnson,
Muskets and Medicine
, 131.

112
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783– 1830
, 227.

113
. Donald Hickey,
The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict
, 117; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War
, 265.

114
. For losses in the Napoleonic Wars, see Dumas,
Losses of Life Caused by War
.

115
. Handy,
Undermined Establishment: Church-State Relations in America, 1880–1920
, 7.

116
. Kennedy and Bailey,
The American Pageant
, 321; Tucker,
Encyclopedia of American Military History
, 675.

117
. See also Silbey,
A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899–1902
.

118
. Rathnam Indurthy, “The Obama Administration’s Strategy in Afghanistan,” International Journal on World Peace 28 (September 2011): 24.

119
. Peter Nicholas, “Obama Denies Wavering on Iraq,” Los Angeles Times, July 4, 2008.

120
. Livingston and O’Hanlon, “Afghanistan Index,” 4–7, 17; Indurthy, 14.

121
. Transparency International analysis from “Corruption Perceptions Index, 2011,” Transparency International, available at
http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/results
. CIA analysis from “CIA World Factbook, Afghanistan,” available at
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html
.

122
. U.S. losses in Afghanistan from Livingston and O’Hanlon, “Afghanistan Index,” 11.

123
. Tucker,
Encyclopedia of American Military History
, 708.

124
. Ibid., 709.

125
. Kennedy quoted in Sorensen,
Kennedy
, 309.

126
. Kelly,
The National Debt: From FDR (1941) to Clinton (1996)
, 82; Ho quoted in Moyar,
Triumph Forsaken: America’s Descent into Vietnam
, 286; Fishel,
Vietnam: Anatomy of a Conflict
, 144.

1
. One of the more reputable surveys of the first ladies is that of the Siena Institute at Siena College, New York. Since 1982, it has conducted scholarly assessments of the presidents’ partners based on the following measures: intelligence, background for the position, service to country, service to presidency, service to her own values, integrity, accomplishments, leadership, courage, and public image.

2
. Lady bird Johnson quoted in Lewis Gould, “Modern First Ladies in Historical Perspective,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(Summer 1985): 533.

3
. DeGregorio,
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents
, 484.

4
. Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front on World War II
, 10.

5
. Gould, “Modern First Ladies in Historical Perspective,” 534.

6
. Anthony,
First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents’ Wives and Their Power
, 2:124.

7
. Ibid., 2:121.

8
. Sarah Polk quoted in Caroli,
First Ladies
, 62.

9
. Ibid., 61.

10
. Although their correspondence was relatively limited, considering they spent a large amount of time together, an insightful sampling of John and Sarah Polk’s letters can be found in Sarah Agnes Wallace, ed., “Letters of Mrs. James K. Polk to Her Husband,”
Tennessee Historical Quarterly
11 (1952): 180–91.

11
. Roberts,
Rating the First Ladies
, 28–29; Irving quoted in Caroli,
First Ladies
, 14.

12
. Moore,
The Madisons
, 291.

13
. Caroli,
First Ladies
, 16.

14
. Jackie Kennedy quoted in Beasley,
First Ladies and the Press
, 73.

15
. Jackie Kennedy quoted in Whitcomb and Whitcomb,
Real Life at the White House
, 351.

16
. Beasley,
First Ladies and the Press
, 76–78.

17
. Gould, “Modern First Ladies in Historical Perspective,” 534.

18
. Caroli,
First Ladies
, 437.

19
. Rosalynn Carter quoted in Gould, “Modern First Ladies in Historical Perspective,” 536.

20
. Ibid., 536.

21
. Roberts,
Rating the First Ladies,
153–54.

22
. DeGregorio,
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents
, 413.

23
. Wilson quoted in Hamilton,
The Presidents
, 232.

24
. Judith Weaver, “Edith Bolling Wilson as First Lady: A Study in the Power of Personality,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(Winter 1985): 55.

25
. Caroli,
First Ladies
, 149; Edith Wilson quoted in Weaver, “Edith Bolling Wilson as First Lady: A Study in the Power of Personality,” 51, 55;
New York Tribune
, October 14, 1919.

26
. Abigail Adams quoted in Beasley,
First Ladies and the Press
, 30.

27
. Akers,
Abigail Adams: An American Woman
, 143, 152.

28
. Roberts,
Rating the First Ladies,
17.

29
. Ibid., 111.

30
. Marton,
Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages that Shaped Our Recent History
, 308–10.

31
. Caroli,
First Ladies
, 21; Roberts,
Rating the First Ladies,
41.

32
. Anthony,
America’s First Families
, 150–51.

33
. Moore,
The Madisons
, 298–99, 335; Wead,
All the Presidents’ Children
, 333–34.

34
. Wead,
All the Presidents’ Children
, 333–34; Moore,
The Madisons
, 335.

35
. Rutland,
James Madison
, 236.

36
. Wead,
All the Presidents’ Children
, 16.

37
. Ibid., 61.

38
. Roberts,
Rating the First Ladies
, 93–95; Angelo,
First Families
, 11.

39
. Mary Todd quoted in Roberts,
Rating the First Ladies
, 107.

40
. Thomas,
Abraham Lincoln
, 298–99.

41
. Ibid., 299.

42
. TR quoted in Wead,
All the President’s Children
, 45.

43
. Morris,
Theodore Rex
, 401.

44
. Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
, 240–44.

45
. Alice Roosevelt quoted in Morris,
Theodore Rex
, 251.

46
. Maier,
The Kennedys: America’s Emerald Kings
, 130–31, 259–60.

47
. Joe Kennedy Sr. quoted in ibid., 264.

48
. Lasky,
JFK: The Man and the Myth
, 260.

49
. Harry Truman and Eleanor Roosevelt quoted in ibid., 394–95.

50
. JFK quoted in Maier,
The Kennedys: America’s Emerald Kings
, 445.

51
. Brogan and Mosley,
American Presidential Families
, 720.

52
. Kohn,
The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal
, 70–72.

53
. Wead,
All the Presidents’ Children
, 285.

54
. Hamilton,
Bill Clinton: An American Journey
, 106–9.

55
. Reagan quoted in Whitcomb and Whitcomb,
Real Life at the White House
, xvii.

56
. Ibid., 3.

57
. Abigail Adams quoted in Freidel and Pencak,
The White House: The First Two Hundred Years
, 17.

58
. Moore,
The Madisons
, 320–21.

59
. Whitcomb and Whitcomb,
Real Life at the White House
, 35.

60
. Ibid., 143, 152.

61
. Ibid., 233.

62
. Roberts,
Rating the First Ladies
, 165.

63
. Whitcomb and Whitcomb,
Real Life at the White House
, 233.

64
. Coolidge quoted in ibid., 287.

65
. Burns,
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom
, 173, 198.

66
. D.C. building commissioner quoted in Kessler,
Inside the White House
, 4.

67
. Jackie Kennedy quoted in Roberts,
Rating the First Ladies,
278.

68
. Jackie Kennedy quoted in Schlesinger,
A Thousand Days
, 670.

69
. See Bohn,
Nerve Center: Inside the White House Situation Room
.

70
. Cleveland quoted in Richard Ellis, “The Joy of Power: Changing Conceptions of the Presidential Office,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(June 2003): 281; Cheney quoted in Kumar and Sullivan,
The White House World: Transitions, Organization, and Office Operations
, 111; Steinbeck quoted in Robert Gilbert, “Personality, Stress and Achievement: Keys to Presidential Longevity,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(Winter 1985): 33.

71
. Socolofsky and Spetter,
The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison
, 85.

72
. Fitzwater quoted in Charles Walcott et al., “The Chief of Staff,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(September 2001): 469.

73
. Ford quoted in Kumar and Sullivan,
The White House World: Transitions, Organization, and Office Operations
, 111.

74
. Haig quoted in Strober and Strober,
The Nixon Presidency: An Oral History of the Era
, 464. For bibliography and further detail on the office, see Charles Walcott et al., “The Chief of Staff,” 464–89.

75
. Marton,
Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages that Shaped Our Recent History
, 320.

76
. Kumar and Sullivan,
The White House World: Transitions, Organization, and Office Operations
, 120.

77
. Andrew Preston, “The Little State Department,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(December 2001): 649.