History Buff's Guide to the Presidents (66 page)

10
. McCullough,
John Adams
, 38; Rayback,
Millard Fillmore
, 6; Karabell,
Chester Alan Arthur
, 12.

11
. Goodwin,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
, 64–69; Garfield quoted in Peskin,
Garfield
, 21.

12
. U. S. Grant is not included as a cabinet member, though he was acting secretary of war under Andrew Johnson. Grant’s interim capacity came as a result of Johnson’s attempted removal of Edwin M. Stanton from the post, for which Johnson was impeached.

13
. Socolofsky and Spetter,
The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison
, 162. Polk, Jefferson, and Clinton quoted in Richard Ellis, “The Joy of Power: Changing Conceptions of the Presidential Office,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(June 2003): 269, 277.

14
. Whitcomb and Whitcomb,
Real Life at the White House
, 296, 466.

15
. Moore,
The Madisons
, 470.

16
. Jeffries,
In and Out of the White House
, 138.

17
. Judith Weaver, “Edith Bolling Wilson as First Lady: A Study in the Power of Personality,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(Winter 1985): 54.

18
. Lincoln quoted in DeGregorio,
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents
, 228.

19
. Thomas,
Abraham Lincoln
, 304.

20
. Truman quoted in Brogan and Mosley,
American Presidential Families
, 30.

21
. DeGregorio,
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents
, 584.

22
. Watterson,
The Games Presidents Play: Sports and the Presidency
, 111–12; DeGregorio,
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents
, 125.

23
. Adams quoted in DeGregorio,
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents
, 22.

24
. Morris,
Theodore Rex
, 173.

25
. See also Wiltse,
Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming Pools in America
.

26
. Roberts,
Rating the First Ladies
, 64.

27
. See also Pierce and Ashley,
Pierce Piano Atlas
.

28
. Grant quoted in Ward,
The Civil War
, 280.

29
. Wilson quoted in DeGregorio,
The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents
, 412.

30
. Whitcomb and Whitcomb,
Real Life at the White House
, 342.

31
. Ibid., 357.

32
. See also Watterson,
The Games Presidents Play: Sports and the Presidency
.

33
. Morris,
Theodore Rex,
236.

34
. Lambert,
The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America
, 282.

35
. Washington quoted in Gaustad,
A Documentary History of Religion in America to the Civil War
, 276.

36
. Grant quoted in Menendez,
Religion at the Polls
, 28–29; Hoogenboom,
Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President
, 268.

37
. For additional sources on the role of religion in U.S. politics, see Wilson,
Church and State in America: A Bibliographical Guide
.

38
. Stuckey,
Defining Americans: The Presidency and National Identity
, 272; Reichley,
Faith in Politics
, 142.

39
. Reichley,
Faith in Politics
, 290; Eisenhower quoted in Alley,
So Help Me God: Religion and the Presidency
, 83.

40
. Reichley,
Faith in Politics
, 320–21. Statistics on denominational votes from 2004 Religion and Politics Postelection Survey, University of Akron. Bush quoted in Frum,
The Right Man: An Inside Account of the Bush White House
, 283.

41
. Frum quoted in D. Jason Berggren and Nicol C. Rae, “Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(December 2006): 614.

42
. Ibid., 606. See also Singer,
The President of Good and Evil: The Ethics of George W. Bush
.

43
. Andrew R. Flint and Joy Porter, “Jimmy Carter: The Re-Emergence of FaithBased Politics and the Abortion Rights Issue,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(March 2005): 30.

44
. “We have a responsibility” from ibid., 32; convention quote from ibid.; Ford quoted in Hutcheson,
God in the White House: How Religion Has Changed the Modern Presidency
, 96; “I’ll be a better president…” from Pippert,
The Spiritual Journal of Jimmy Carter
, 117.

45
. National Archives and Records Administration,
Public Papers of the Presidents: James Carter, Book 1
, 812–14.

46
. Flint and Porter, “Jimmy Carter: The Re-Emergence of FaithBased Politics and the Abortion Rights Issue,” 37.

47
. Reichley,
Faith in Politics
, 257–58.

48
. McKinley quoted in Bonnell,
Presidential Profiles: Religion in the Life of American Presidents
, 175.

49
. Handy,
Undermined Establishment: Church-State Relations in America, 1880–1920
, 8.

50
. McKinley quoted in ibid., 7.

51
. McKinley quoted in ibid., 81.

52
. Reagan quoted in Edel,
Defenders of the Faith: Religion and Politics from the Pilgrim Fathers to Ronald Reagan
, 140.

53
. Reagan quoted in Schlesinger and Israel,
The History of American Presidential Elections
, 4145; Reichley,
Faith in Politics
, 297, 301–2. Falwell quoted in Flint and Porter, “Jimmy Carter: The Re-Emergence of FaithBased Politics and the Abortion Rights Issue,” 47. On the use of
God
in annual addresses, see Elvin Lim, “Five Trends in Presidential Rhetoric,”
Presidential Studies Quarterly
(June 2002): 336, fig. 2.

54
. NCC quoted in Reichley,
Faith in Politics
, 258–59; Edel,
Defenders of the Faith: Religion and Politics from the Pilgrim Fathers to Ronald Reagan
, 169.

55
. Reagan quoted in Edel,
Defenders of the Faith: Religion and Politics from the Pilgrim Fathers to Ronald Reagan
, 150.

56
. Reichley,
Faith in Politics
, 259–60, 303.

57
. DiNunzio,
Woodrow Wilson: Essential Writings and Speeches of the Scholar-President
, 2–4; Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography
, 263–64. On TR’s view on the existence of moral absolutism, see Watts,
Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire
. Historian John Milton Cooper Jr. contends that Wilson was not necessarily religious in his political operations and instead worked to separate the two. Cooper also contends that between Theodore Roosevelt and Wilson, Roosevelt alone possessed a “brand of political evangelism.” See Cooper,
The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt
.

58
. Wilson quoted in Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography
, 21.

59
. Wilson quoted in Stuckey,
Defining Americans: The Presidency and National Identity,
167.

60
. Wilson quoted in Weinstein,
Woodrow Wilson: A Medical and Psychological Biography
, 263, and in Stuckey,
Defining Americans: The Presidency and National Identity,
167.

61
. Clemenceau quoted in Berggren and Rae, “Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style,” 607. Lloyd George quoted in ibid., 608. Hoover quoted in ibid., 609.

62
. Wilson’s Holy Land statement quoted in Handy,
Undermined Establishment: Church-State Relations in America, 1880–1920,
178. Wilson’s “Divine Will” statement quoted in Stuckey,
Defining Americans: The Presidency and National Identity,
167.

63
. TR quoted in McPherson,
“To the Best of My Ability,”
172.

64
. Harrison quoted in Calhoun,
Benjamin Harrison
, 13.

65
. Harrison and Quay quoted in Sievers,
Benjamin Harrison: Hoosier Statesman,
2:426.

66
. Anthony,
America’s First Families
, 225; Calhoun,
Benjamin Harrison
, 4; Socolofsky and Spetter,
The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison
, 23.

67
. Socolofsky and Spetter,
The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison
, 163.

68
. Dulce and Richter,
Religion and the Presidency
, 77.

69
. Reichley,
Faith in Politics
, 331.

70
. Ibid.

71
. Summers,
The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon
, 310.

72
. Anthony,
America’s First Families,
225; Summers,
The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon
, 12.

73
. Strober and Strober,
The Nixon Presidency: An Oral History of the Era
, 185.

74
. Ibid., 12–13.

75
. Nixon quoted in Summers,
The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon
, 448.

76
. Coyle,
Ordeal of the Presidency
, 29.

77
. Dear,
The Oxford Companion to World War II
, 632–34; Maney,
The Roosevelt Presence
, 160–61.

78
. Black,
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom
, 722–25.

79
. Maney,
The Roosevelt Presence
, 160–61; Mencken quoted in Rubenzer and Faschingbauer,
Personality, Character, and Leadership in the White House: Psychologists Assess the Presidents,
253.

80
. Jefferson quoted in Rubenzer and Faschingbauer,
Personality, Character, and Leadership in the White House: Psychologists Assess the Presidents
, 86.

81
. Jackson quoted in James,
The Life of Andrew Jackson
, 617.

82
. Jackson quoted in ibid., 622.

83
. Lincoln quoted in Oates,
Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths
, 106.

84
. For the gradual transformation of the proclamation from first draft to final signature, see Thomas,
Abraham Lincoln: A Biography
, 333–64.

85
. Goodwin,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
, 39; Reedy quoted in Rubenzer and Faschingbauer,
Personality, Character, and Leadership in the White House: Psychologists Assess the Presidents
, 102.

86
. Rubenzer and Faschingbauer,
Personality, Character, and Leadership in the White House: Psychologists Assess the Presidents
, 103.

87
. Tonkin Resolution quoted in Goodwin,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
, 198.

88
. Link,
Wilson
, 2:67.

89
. Venzon,
The United States in the First World War
, 536–37.

90
. Ibid., 536.

91
. Reeves,
Richard Nixon: Alone in the White House
, 348.

92
. Ibid., 369.

93
. Rubenzer and Faschingbauer,
Personality, Character, and Leadership in the White House: Psychologists Assess the Presidents
, 300–302.

94
. A. Vrij, K. Edwards, K. P. Roberts, and R. Bull, “Detecting Deceit via Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior,” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 24 (2000): 239–263.

95
. “U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell Addresses the UN Security Council,” February 5, 2003,
www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030205-1.html
.

96
. Washington letter from Mount Vernon to attorney general of the United States, August, 26, 1792, in Fitzpatrick,
The Writings of George Washington
, 32:135.