Intellectuals and Race (26 page)

83
.   Henry C. Taylor, “Richard Theodore Ely: April 13, 1854-October 4, 1943,”
The Economic Journal
, Vol. 54, No. 213 (April 1944), p. 133.

84
.   Ibid., p. 134.

85
.   Ibid., p. 137.

86
.   Henry C. Taylor, “Richard Theodore Ely: April 13, 1854-October 4, 1943,”
The Economic Journal
, Vol. 54, No. 213 (April 1944), pp. 132–138.

87
.   George McDaniel, “Madison Grant and the Racialist Movement,” in Madison Grant,
The Conquest of a Continent
, p. iv.

88
.   Jonathan Peter Spiro,
Defending the Master Race
, pp. xv–xvi.

89
.   Ibid., p. 17.

90
.   Ibid., p. 250.

91
.   Jan Cohn,
Creating America: George Horace Lorimer and the Saturday Evening Post
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), p. 5.

92
.   Ibid., pp. 49, 92, 95–96.

93
.   Ibid., p. 155.

94
.   “The Great American Myth,”
Saturday Evening Post
, May 7, 1921, p. 20.

95
.   Kenneth L. Roberts, “Lest We Forget,”
Saturday Evening Post
, April 28, 1923, pp. 158, 162.

96
.   Kenneth L. Roberts,
Why Europe Leaves Home
(Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1922), p. 15.

97
.   Ibid., p. 21.

98
.   Ibid., p. 22.

99
.   Ibid., p. 119.

100
. Kenneth L. Roberts, “Slow Poison,”
Saturday Evening Post
, February 2, 1924, p. 9.

101
. George Creel, “Melting Pot or Dumping Ground?”
Collier’s
, September 3, 1921, p. 10.

102
. Ibid., p. 26.

103
. George Creel, “Close the Gates!”
Collier’s
, May 6, 1922, p. 10.

104
. Henry L. Mencken,
The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
(Boston: Luce and Company, 1908), pp. 167–168.

105
. “Mencken’s Reply to La Monte’s Fourth Letter,”
Men versus The Man: A Correspondence Between Robert Rives La Monte, Socialist and H.L. Mencken, Individualist
(New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1910), p. 162.

106
. H.L. Mencken, “The Aframerican: New Style,”
The American Mercury
, February 1926, pp. 254, 255.

107
. Ibid., p. 255.

108
. H.L. Mencken, “Utopia by Sterilization,”
The American Mercury
, August 1937, pp. 399, 408.

109
. H.G. Wells,
The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1931), pp. 733, 734, 746.

110
. H.G. Wells,
What Is Coming?: A European Forecast
(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916), p. 254.

111
. Jack London,
The Unpublished and Uncollected Articles and Essays
, edited by Daniel J. Wichlan (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2007), pp. 60, 66.

112
. George McDaniel, “Madison Grant and the Racialist Movement,” in Madison Grant,
The Conquest of a Continent
, p. ii.

113
. Arthur S. Link,
Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era: 1910–1917
(New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1954), pp. 64–66. The number of black postmasters declined from 153 in 1910 to 78 in 1930. Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
(New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1944), p. 327. See also Henry Blumenthal, “Woodrow Wilson and the Race Question,”
Journal of Negro History
, Vol. 48, No. 1 (January 1963), pp. 1–21.

114
. S. Georgia Nugent, “Changing Faces: The Princeton Student of the Twentieth Century,”
Princeton University Library Chronicle
, Vol. LXII, Number 2 (Winter 2001), pp. 215–216.

115
. Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: The Modern Library, 2001), p. 483.

116
. In his memoirs, looking back on his days as a police commissioner in New York, Theodore Roosevelt said: “The appointments to the police force were made as I have described in the last chapter. We paid not the slightest attention to a man’s politics or creed, or where he was born, so long as he was an American citizen; and on an average we obtained far and away the best men that had ever come into the Police Department.” Theodore Roosevelt,
The Rough Riders: An Autobiography
(New York: The Library of America, 2004), p. 428.

117
. Edmund Morris,
Theodore Rex
(New York: Modern Library, 2002), pp. 52–53.

118
. Quoted in Bernard Lewis,
The Muslim Discovery of Europe
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), p. 139.

119
. Edward Byron Reuter,
The Mulatto in the United States
(Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press, 1918).

120
. Theodore Hershberg and Henry Williams, “Mulattoes and Blacks: Intragroup Color Differences and Social Stratification in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia,”
Philadelphia
, edited by Theodore Hershberg (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 402.

121
. For examples of the latter assumption, see, for example, Michael Tonry,
Punishing Race: A Continuing American Dilemma
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 65–66.

122
. See, for example, E. Franklin Frazier,
The Negro in the United States
, revised edition (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1957), p. 67; David W. Cohen and Jack P. Greene, “Introduction,”
Neither Slave Nor Free: The Freedmen of African Descent in the Slave Societies of the New World
, edited by David W. Cohen and Jack P. Greene (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), p. 7; A.J.R. Russell-Wood, “Colonial Brazil,” Ibid., p. 91.

123
. Calculated from data in
The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850
(Washington: Robert Armstrong, 1853), pp. xliii, lxi; U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), Part I, p. 382.

124
. Urbanization data for blacks in 1860 and 1920 calculated from data in the following sources: Wilbur Zelinsky, “The Population Geography of the Free Negro in Ante-Bellum America,”
Population Studies
, Vol. 3, No. 4 (March 1950), pp. 387, 389; Reynolds Farley, “The Urbanization of Negroes in the United States,”
Journal of Social History,
Vol. 1, No. 3 (Spring 1968), p. 255;
U. S. Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970,
Part 1, pp. 8, 9, 12, 22.

125
. Thomas Sowell, “Three Black Histories,”
Essays and Data on American Ethnic Groups,
edited by Thomas Sowell and Lynn D. Collins, p. 12.

126
. Ibid.

127
. Madison Grant,
The Conquest of a Continent
, pp. 283–284.

Chapter 4: Internal Responses to Disparities

1
.     James Buchan,
Crowded with Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment, Edinburgh’s Moment of the Mind
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 129.

2
.     See, for example, Olive and Sydney Checkland,
Industry and Ethos: Scotland 1832–1914
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989), pp. 147–150; William R. Brock,
Scotus Americanus: A Survey of the Sources for Links between Scotland and America in the Eighteenth Century
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1982), pp. 114–115; Esmond Wright, “Education in the American Colonies: The Impact of Scotland,”
Essays in Scotch-Irish History
, edited by E. R. R. Green (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), pp. 40–41; Bruce Lenman,
Integration, Enlightenment, and Industrialization: Scotland 1746–1832
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), p. 91.

3
.     Anders Henriksson,
The Tsar’s Loyal Germans: The Riga German Community: Social Change and the Nationality Question, 1855–1905
(Boulder: East European Monographs, 1983), pp. 1, 4.

4
.     Ingeborg Fleischhauer, “The Germans’ Role in Tsarist Russia: A Reappraisal,”
The Soviet Germans
, edited by Edith Rogovin Frankel (London: C. Hurst & Company, 1986), p. 16.

5
.     Anders Henriksson,
The Tsar’s Loyal Germans
, p. 2.

6
.     Ibid., pp. 15, 35, 54.

7
.     Ibid., p. 15.

8
.     Robert A. Kann and Zdenĕk V. David,
The Peoples of the Eastern Habsburg Lands, 1526–1918
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1984), p. 201.

9
.     Gary B. Cohen,
The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), p. 3.

10
.   Jeremy King,
Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 4.

11
.   Gary B. Cohen,
The Politics of Ethnic Survival
, Chapters 1, 2; Anders Henriksson,
The Tsar’s Loyal Germans,
pp. x, 12, 34, 35, 54, 57–59, 61; Donald L. Horowitz,
Ethnic Groups in Conflict
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 286.

12
.   Gary B. Cohen,
The Politics of Ethnic Survival
, p. 28.

13
.   See, for example, Gunnar Myrdal,
Asian Drama: An Inquiry Into the Poverty of Nations
(New York: Pantheon, 1968), Vol. III, p. 1642.

14
.   Donald L. Horowitz,
Ethnic Groups in Conflict,
p. 97.

15
.   Leon Volovici,
Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s
(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991), p. 60.

16
.   Ibid., p. 14.

17
.   Ibid., p. 31.

18
.   Ibid., p. 42.

19
.   Mary Fainsod Katzenstein,
Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979), pp. 48–49; Myron Weiner and Mary Fainsod Katzenstein,
India’s Preferential Policies: Migrants, the Middle Classes, and Ethnic Equality
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), pp. 10–11, 44–46.

20
.   Ezra Mendelsohn,
The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), pp. 98–99, 106.

21
.   Larry Diamond, “Class, Ethnicity, and the Democratic State: Nigeria, 1950–1966,”
Comparative Studies in Society and History
, Vol. 25, No. 3 (July 1983), pp. 462, 473; Donald L. Horowitz,
Ethnic Groups in Conflict
, p. 225.

22
.   Anatoly M. Khazanov, “The Ethnic Problems of Contemporary Kazakhstan,”
Central Asian Survey,
Vol. 14, No. 2 (1995), pp. 244, 257.

23
.   Leon Volovici,
National Ideology and Antisemitism, passim
; Joseph Rothschild,
East Central Europe between the Two World Wars
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992), p. 293; Irina Livezeanu,
Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, & Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995),
passim
.

24
.   Gunnar Myrdal,
Asian Drama
, Vol. I, p. 348; Donald L. Horowitz,
Ethnic Groups in Conflict,
p. 133.

25
.   Conrad Black, “Canada’s Continuing Identity Crisis,”
Foreign Affairs
, Vol. 74, No. 2 (March-April 1995), p. 100.

26
.   See, for example, Gary B. Cohen,
The Politics of Ethnic Survival
, pp. 26–28, 32, 133, 236–237; Ezra Mendelsohn,
The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars
, p. 167; Hugh LeCaine Agnew,
Origins of the Czech National Renascence
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993),
passim
.

27
.   William Pfaff,
The Wrath of Nations: Civilization and the Furies of Nationalism
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), p. 156.

28
.   Maurice Pinard and Richard Hamilton, “The Class Bases of the Quebec Independence Movement: Conjectures and Evidence,”
Ethnic and Racial Studies
, Volume 7, Issue 1 (January 1984), pp. 19–54.

29
.   Joseph Rothschild,
East Central Europe between the Two World Wars,
p. 20; Irina Livezeanu,
Cultural Politics in Greater Romania,
pp. 56, 218, 242, 298–299.

30
.   Irina Livezeanu,
Cultural Politics in Greater Romania
, p. 385.

31
.   Chandra Richard de Silva, “Sinhala-Tamil Relations and Education in Sri Lanka: The University Admissions Issue— The First Phase, 1971–7,”
From Independence to Statehood: Managing Ethnic Conflict in Five African and Asian States,
edited by Robert B. Goldmann and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson (London: Frances Pinter, 1984), p. 126.

32
.   Warren Zimmerman, “The Last Ambassador: A Memoir of the Collapse of Yugoslavia,”
Foreign Affairs
, March-April 1995, pp. 9, 17; William Pfaff,
The Wrath of Nations
, p. 55.

33
.   Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties,
revised edition (New York: Perennial Classics, 2001), pp. 654–655.

34
.   Quoted in William Pfaff,
The Wrath of Nations
, p. 96.