Intellectuals and Race (27 page)

35
.   Myron Weiner,
Sons of the Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), p. 107; Donald L. Horowitz,
Ethnic Groups in Conflict
, pp. 219–224.

36
.   S. J. Tambiah,
Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), pp. 20–21, 26; William McGowan,
Only Man is Vile: The Tragedy of Sri Lanka
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1992), pp. 97, 98.

37
.   Joseph Rothschild,
East Central Europe between the Two World Wars
, p. 92.

38
.   Radomír Luža,
The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans: A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933–1962
(New York: New York University Press, 1964), pp. 9, 11, 42.

39
.   Ibid., p. 34.

40
.   Ibid., p. 290.

41
.   Cacilie Rohwedder, “Germans, Czechs are Hobbled by History as Europe Moves toward United Future,”
Wall Street Journal
, November 25, 1996, p. A15.

42
.   P.T. Bauer,
Equality, the Third World and Economic Delusion
(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 70–71.

43
.   Michael Ornstein,
Ethno-Racial Inequality in the City of Toronto: An Analysis of the 1996 Census
, May 2000, p. ii.

44
.   Charles H. Young and Helen R.Y. Reid,
The Japanese Canadians
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1938), pp. 9–10, 49, 53, 58, 76, 120, 129, 130, 145, 172.

45
.   Thomas Sowell,
Black Rednecks and White Liberals
(San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005), p. 251.

46
.   Elissa Gootman, “City to Help Curb Harassment of Asian Students at High School,”
New York Times
, June 2, 2004, p. B9; Joe Williams, “New Attack at Horror HS; Top Senior Jumped at Brooklyn’s Troubled Lafayette,”
New York Daily News
, December 7, 2002, p. 7; Maki Becker, “Asian Students Hit in Rash of HS Attacks,”
New York Daily News
, December 8, 2002, p. 7; Kristen A. Graham and Jeff Gammage, “Two Immigrant Students Attacked at Bok,”
Philadelphia Inquirer,
September 21, 2010, p. B1; Jeff Gammage and Kristen A. Graham, “Feds Find Merit in Asian Students’ Claims Against Philly School,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, August 28, 2010, p. A1; Kristen A. Graham and Jeff Gammage, “Report Released on Racial Violence at S. Phila. High,”
Philadelphia Inquirer,
February 24, 2010, p. A1; Kristen A. Graham, “Other Phila. Schools Handle Racial, Ethnic Tensions,”
Philadelphia Inquirer,
February 4, 2010, p. A1; Kristen A. Graham and Jeff Gammage, “Attacking Immigrant Students Not New, Say Those Involved,”
Philadelphia Inquirer,
December 18, 2009, p. B1; Kristen A. Graham, “Asian Students Describe Violence at South Philadelphia High,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, December 10, 2009, p. A1.

47
.   See, for example, Ian Urbina, “Mobs Are Born as Word Grows By Text Message,”
New York Times
, March 25, 2010, p. A1; Kirk Mitchell, “Attacks Change Lives on All Sides,”
Denver Post
, December 6, 2009, pp. A1 ff; Alan Gathright, 7News Content Producer, “Black Gangs Vented Hatred for Whites in Downtown Attacks,”
The DenverChannel.com
, December 5, 2009; Meg
Jones, “Flynn Calls Looting, Beatings in Riverwest Barbaric,”
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
, July 6, 2011, pp. A1 ff; Mareesa Nicosia, “Four Skidmore College Students Charged in Assault; One Charged with Felony Hate Crime,”
The Saratogian
(online), December 22, 2010; “Concealing Black Hate Crimes,”
Investor’s Business Daily
, August 15, 2011, p. A16; Joseph A. Slobodzian, “West Philly Man Pleads Guilty to ‘Flash Mob’ Assault,”
Philadelphia Inquirer,
June 21, 2011, pp. B1 ff; Alfred Lubrano, “What’s Behind ‘Flash Mobs’?”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, March 28, 2010, pp. A1 ff; Stephanie Farr, “‘Geezer’ Won’t Let Thugs Ruin His Walks,”
Philadelphia Daily News
, October 20, 2011, Local section, p. 26; Barry Paddock and John Lauinger, “Subway Gang Attack,”
New York Daily News
, July 18, 2011, News, p. 3.

Chapter 5: Race and Intelligence

1
.     Mark H. Haller,
Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1963), p. 11.

2
.     Arthur R. Jensen,
Straight Talk About Mental Tests
(New York: The Free Press, 1981), p. 171. See also, Robert C. Nichols, “Heredity, Environment, and School Achievement,”
Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance
, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Summer 1968), p. 126.

3
.     Mark H. Haller,
Eugenics
, p. 11.

4
.     The article was Arthur R. Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?”
Harvard Educational Review
, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Winter 1969). For examples of the reactions, see for example, Lawrence E. Davies, “Harassment Charged by Author of Article About Negroes’ I.Q.’s,”
New York Times
, May 19, 1969, p. 33; “Campus Totalitarians,”
New York Times,
May 20, 1969, p. 46; “Panelists Assail View on Black I.Q.,”
New York Times
, November 23, 1969, p. 88; Robert Reinhold, “Psychologist Arouses Storm by Linking I.Q. to Heredity,”
New York Times
, March 30, 1969, p. 52; “Born Dumb?”
Newsweek
, March 31, 1969, p. 84; Maurice R. Berube, “Jensen’s Complaint,”
Commonweal
, October 10, 1969, pp. 42–44; “Intelligence and Race,”
New Republic,
April 5, 1969, pp. 10–11; “The New Rage at Berkeley,”
Newsweek
, June 2, 1969, p. 69; “Let There Be Darkness,”
National Review
, October 7, 1969, pp. 996–997. For early intellectual responses by professionals, see
Environment, Heredity, and Intelligence,
Reprint Series No. 2, a 246-page
reprint of articles compiled from the
Harvard Educational Review
, Vol. 39, Nos. 1 and 2 (Winter and Spring 1969).

5
.     Arthur R. Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?”
Harvard Educational Review
, Winter 1969, p. 100.

6
.     Ibid., p. 78.

7
.     Ibid., p. 100.

8
.     Ibid., p. 95.

9
.     Ibid., pp. 106, 115–117.

10
.   Ibid., p. 117.

11
.   Ibid., pp. 106, 116.

12
.   Ibid., p. 79.

13
.   Ibid., p. 95.

14
.   James R. Flynn,
Asian Americans: Achievement Beyond IQ
(Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1991), p. 1.

15
.   Ibid., pp. 116–117.

16
.   Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray,
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life
(New York: The Free Press, 1994), pp. 70–74; Robert Klitgaard,
Choosing Elites
(New York: Basic Books, 1985), pp. 104–115; Stanley Sue and Jennifer Abe,
Predictors of Academic Achievement Among Asian American and White Students
(New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1988), p. 1; Robert A. Gordon and Eileen E. Rudert, “Bad News Concerning IQ Tests,”
Sociology of Education
, July 1979, p. 176; Frank L. Schmidt and John E. Hunter, “Employment Testing: Old Theories and New Research Findings,”
American Psychologist
, October 1981, p. 1131; Arthur R. Jensen, “Selection of Minority Students in Higher Education,”
University of Toledo Law Review
, Spring-Summer 1970, pp. 440, 443; Donald A. Rock, “Motivation, Moderators, and Test Bias,” Ibid., pp. 536, 537; Ronald L. Flaugher,
Testing Practices, Minority Groups, and Higher Education: A Review and Discussion of the Research
(Princeton: Educational Testing Service, 1970), p. 11; Arthur R. Jensen,
Bias in Mental Testing
(New York: The Free Press, 1980), pp. 479–490.

17
.   Richard Lynn,
Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis
(Augusta, GA: Washington Summit Publishers, 2006), pp. 124–125.

18
.   Robert Klitgaard,
Choosing Elites
, pp. 161–165.

19
.   The Supreme Court said, in
Griggs v. Duke Power Company,
that any job criteria “must have a manifest relationship to the employment in question.”
Griggs v. Duke Power Company
, 401 U.S. 424 (1971), at 432. But what is “manifest” to third parties with neither expertise in psychometrics nor practical experience in the particular business, much less a stake in the outcome, is something that can be known only after the fact, and is thus essentially
ex post facto
law that is expressly forbidden by the Constitution in Article I, Section 9.

20
.   Ian Ayres,
Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-by-Numbers Is the New Way to Be Smart
(New York: Bantam Books, 2007), pp. 2–3, 6; Mark Strauss, “The Grapes of Math,”
Discover
, January 1991, pp. 50–51; Jay Palmer, “Grape Expectations,”
Barron’s
, December 30, 1996, pp. 17–19.

21
.   Robert Klitgaard,
Choosing Elites
, pp. 161–165.

22
.   Robert Klitgaard,
Elitism and Meritocracy in Developing Countries: Selection Policies for Higher Education
(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 77–84.

23
.   Ibid., pp. 124, 147.

24
.   Malcolm Gladwell,
Outliers: The Story of Success
(New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2008), pp. 74, 112.

25
.   Richard H. Sander and Stuart Taylor, Jr.,
Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It’s Intended to Help, and Why Universities Won’t Admit It
(New York: Basic Books, 2012), pp. 34, 59, 90–91, 146–147, 148, 150, 152, 154, 162, 231; Thomas Sowell,
Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), pp. 154–156.

26
.   Arthur Hu, “Minorities Need More Support,”
The Tech
(M.I.T.), March 17, 1987, pp. 4, 6.

27
.   Richard H. Sander and Stuart Taylor, Jr.,
Mismatch
, pp. 34–36.

28
.   Robin Wilson, “Article Critical of Black Students’ Qualifications Roils Georgetown U. Law Center,”
The Chronicle of Higher Education
, April 24, 1991, pp. A33, A35.

29
.   Richard H. Sander and Stuart Taylor, Jr.,
Mismatch
, pp. 55–56, 231.

30
.   Philip E. Vernon,
Intelligence and Cultural Environment
(London: Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1969), p. 145.

31
.   Ibid., pp. 157–158.

32
.   Ibid., p. 168.

33
.   Mandel Sherman and Cora B. Key, “The Intelligence of Isolated Mountain Children,”
Child Development
, Vol. 3, No. 4 (December 1932), p. 284.

34
.   Philip E. Vernon,
Intelligence and Cultural Environment
, p. 104.

35
.   Ibid., p. 101.

36
.   Ibid., p. 155.

37
.   Robert M. Yerkes,
Psychological Examining in the United States Army,
Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1921), Vol. 15, p. 705.

38
.   Arthur R. Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?”
Harvard Educational Review
, Winter 1969, p. 81.

39
.   H.H. Goddard, “The Binet Tests in Relation to Immigration,”
Journal of Psycho-Asthenics
, Vol. 18, No. 2 (December 1913), p. 110.

40
.   William G. Bowen and Derek Bok,
The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 61. See also p. 259.

41
.   Bob Zelnick,
Backfire: A Reporter’s Look at Affirmative Action
(Washington: Regnery Publishing, 1996), p. 132.

42
.   Robert Lerner and Althea K. Nagai, “Racial Preferences in Colorado Higher Education,” Center for Equal Opportunity, pp. 6, 11.

43
.   William G. Bowen and Derek Bok,
The Shape of the River,
p. 21.

44
.   Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, “Reflections on
The Shape of the River
,”
UCLA Law Review
, Vol. 46, No. 5 (June 1999), p. 1589.

45
.   Arthur R. Jensen, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?”
Harvard Educational Review
, Winter 1969, p. 78.

46
.   Charles Murray,
Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950
(New York: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 282.

47
.   Paul A. Witty and Martin D. Jenkins, “The Educational Achievement of a Group of Gifted Negro Children,”
Journal of Educational Psychology
, Vol. 25, Issue 8 (November 1934), p. 593; Paul Witty and Viola Theman, “A Follow-up Study of Educational Attainment of Gifted Negroes,”
Journal of Educational Psychology,
Vol. 34, Issue 1 (January 1943), pp. 35–47; Edelbert G. Rodgers,
The Relationship of Certain Measurable Factors in the Personal and Educational Backgrounds of Two Groups of Baltimore Negroes, Identified as
Superior and Average in Intelligence as Fourth Grade Children, to their Educational, Social and Economic Achievement in Adulthood
(Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, New York University, 1956), University Microfilms, unpaged introduction and pp. 75–94.