Invisible Chains (36 page)

p. 2 “We were looking at”: Brooks (see above).

p. 2 “You can't let them go out”:
Ibid.

p. 3 “We see these women”: “Task Force sought to halt sex slavery: Group urges cooperation to fight scourge,”
Calgary Herald
(November 7, 2003) at A6.

p. 4 “This was before”: Brooks (see above).

p. 5 “This is the tip of the iceberg”: Canadian Press, “Alta. cops halt Asian prostitute pipeline,”
Prince George Citizen
(November 7, 2003) at 14.

p. 5 Thérèse: Sherilyn Trompetter, assistant executive director, Changing Together, interview with author, September 22, 2008; Tracey Campbell, career and employment consultant, Alberta Employment and Immigration, interview with author, September 22, 2008; Citizenship and Immigration Canada, written interviews with author, December 4, 2008, and May 27, 2009 (hereafter “CIC interviews”); Claude Marchand, program adviser, Prairies and Northern Territories Region, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, “Human Trafficking Victim,” April 28, 2008 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 1, 398).

p. 5 “She was basically a commodity”: Trompetter (see above).

p. 6 “the status or condition”:
Slavery Convention,
60 League of Nations Treaty Series (LNTS) 253, art. I(1) (entered into force March 9, 1927).

p. 7 more people are in bondage today: Kevin Bales,
Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy
(Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1999).

p. 7 “Old Slavery” ... “New Slavery”:
Ibid.

p. 10 no country that is immune: CIC interviews, December 4, 2008 (see above).

2 Travelling
Sex Offenders Fuelling Demand Abroad

p. 12 Srey Mao:
The Future of Southeast Asia
at 18–19 (see above).

p. 17 187th-poorest country: Central Intelligence Agency, “World Factbook,” online:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html
(accessed June 8, 2010).

p. 17 U.S.$300–$700:
The Future of Southeast Asia
at 16 (see above).

p. 17 “some of the missing women”: Jack Christie, “Crab Park well off the city's beaten path,”
Georgia Straight
(March 3, 2005), online:
http://www.straight.com
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 19 “that the Cambodian complainants”:
R. v. Bakker,
2005 BCPC 289, [2005] B.C.W.L.D. 5097 (Prov. Ct. B.C.); see also CTV, “Trail of a sex tourist: Canada's limited success in pursuing pedophiles,”
W-FIVE
(March 7, 2009), online:
http://www.ctv.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 20 Bakker's defence counsel, Kevin McCullough: Jennifer Wells, “Canada's offshore child sex law faces its first test,”
Toronto Star
(August 29, 2004) at A2; Jane Armstrong, “Sex-tourism law faces its first challenge in B.C. case,”
The Globe and Mail
(September 8, 2004) at A9.

p. 20 “moral entrepreneurship”: “Prosecution of sex tourists cumbersome; Canadian's arrest spurs review of effort to fight abuses abroad,”
Washington Times
(October 30, 2007), online:
http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-7124692/Prosecution-ofsex-tourists-cumbersome.html
(accessed October 20, 2009).

p. 20 “The purpose of the law”: “Canada not prosecuting child-sex tourists: Lawyer,”
Toronto Star
(December 18, 2007), online:
http://www.thestar.com
.

p. 20 Kenneth Klassen:
R. v. Klassen,
2008 CarswellBC 2747, 2008 BCSC 1762 (B.C.S.C.); “B.C. police say seized child porn unspeakable,”
CTV News
(September 22, 2004), online:
http://www.ctv.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009); “B.C. man pleads guilty to sex tourism charges,”
CBC News
(May 21, 2010), online:
http://www.cbc.ca
(accessed June 8, 2010).

p. 23 two million children worldwide: U.S. Department of State,
Trafficking in Persons Report
(Washington, D.C.: 2008) at 14, online:
http://www.state.gov
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 23 (ECPAT) ... estimates: The Protection Project,
International Child Sex Tourism: Scope of the Problem and Comparative Case Studies
(Washington, D.C.: Johns Hopkins University, 2007) at 23.

p. 23 Christopher Paul Neil: Interpol, “Thai court jails pedophile arrested after INTERPOL global appeal” (August 15, 2008), online:
http://www.interpol.int
(accessed November 17, 2009); “B.C. teacher sentenced to 3 years for sexual abuse
of Thai boy,”
CBC News
(August 15, 2008), online:
http://www.cbc.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009); “B.C. teacher sentenced to 6 more years in Thai prison for abusing boy,”
CBC News
(November 24, 2008), online:
http://www.cbc.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 24 Rosalind Prober, president of: Rosalind Prober, president, Beyond Borders, interview with author, November 2, 2008.

p. 24 Between 1993 and 2008: “Child Molestation Cases,” April 1, 2008 (released by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on April 24, 2008, File No. A-2007-00723 at 4-8).

p. 25 “They feel almost protected”: Sabrina Sullivan, managing director, The Future Group, interview with author, August 28, 2008.

p. 25 “Scum!”: “British national faces incarceration in Cambodia,”
The Scotsman
(June 23, 2001).

p. 25 estimated 2 to 14 percent: International Labour Organization, “Sex as a sector: Economic incentives and hardships fuel growth,”
World of Work,
No. 26 (September/ October 1998), online:
http://www.ilo.org
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 25 “Poverty relates to the supply”: UN Commission on Human Rights,
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography,
UN CHOR, 1994, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ 1994/ 84 at para. 6.

p. 26 Transparency International placed: Policy and Research Department, “Report on the Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer” (Berlin: Transparency International, 2007) at 4.

p. 26 In 2005, the Filipino police: Dr. Gabriella Quimson, “National Integrity Systems, Transparency International Country Study Report: Philippines 2006” (Berlin: Transparency International, 2006) at 27; Policy and Research Department, “Global Corruption Report 2007: Regional Highlights” (Berlin: Transparency International, 2007) at 1.

p. 26 after the Boxing Day tsunami: Terri Theodore, “Canada ‘international pariah' for failing to prosecute child sex offenders: Lawyer,”
Canadian Press
(December 18, 2007).

p. 27 Fully two-thirds of American men:
International Child Sex Tourism
at 39–41 (see above).

p. 27 “Weigh the pros and cons”: Anon., “Letter to a Young Boy-Lover,”
North American Man / Boy Love Association
(NAMBLA)
Bulletin
(Jan./Feb. 1993) at 30 cited in David Hechler, “Child Sex Tourism” (1995), online: Andrew Vachss
www.vachss.com/help_text/reports/child_sex_tourism.pdf
(accessed December 11, 2009).

3 International Trafficking to Canada

p. 29 “threat assessment”: Marie-Claude
Arsenault, sergeant, RCMP Human Trafficking National Coordination Centre, conference presentation, “Human Trafficking: A Canadian Perspective” at
Tackling Sexual Violence: 14th Sex Crimes Conference
(Toronto, Ontario: October 6, 2009).

p. 29 “[T]he number of victims”:
Bi-National Assessment of Trafficking in Persons
(Government of Canada, 2006), online:
http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/le/_fl/1666i-en.pdf
(accessed June 8, 2010) at 7. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2010.

p. 30 Manuela: Loly Rico, co-director, FCJ Refugee Centre, interview with author, May 28, 2009; Lise Morjé Howard,
UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) at 88–89.

p. 31 “It happens most of the time”: Rico (see above).

p. 32 “My boss will kill me”: Wendy Leaver, detective, Toronto Police Service, Special Victims Unit, interview with author, September 22, 2008.

p. 33 “some potential victims”: Melissa Gomes, senior program officer, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, “VTIP Case Monitoring.xls,” February 15, 2008 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 5).

p. 33 Between May 2006 and November 2008: CIC interviews (see above).

p. 34 “enabling factor”: Sheldon X. Zhang,
Smuggling and Trafficking in Human Beings: All Roads Lead to America
(Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2007) at 113–114.

p. 34 “Some enter with genuine passports”: CIC interviews (see above).

p. 34 “They say there are brokers”: Mark Schwartz, sergeant, Calgary Police Service, Vice Unit, interview with author, August 28, 2008.

p. 35 infiltrated the airline company: Dennis MacDonald, Canada Border Services Agency–Intelligence, Vancouver International Airport, “URGENT,” November 1, 2007; Zorida Bacchus, senior program officer, Anti-Fraud and Human Trafficking, Borders Intelligence Division–Enforcement Branch, Canada Border Services Agency, “CONFIDENTIAL heads up: Possible VTIP,” November 2, 2007 (both released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 33–34).

p. 36 Luisa: Rico (see above); United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,
World Drug Report 2009
(Vienna: UNODC, 2009) at 63–64, online:
http://www.unodc.org
(accessed September 10, 2009).

p. 39 “Operation Paladin”: U.K. Border Agency Home Office, “Trafficked children missing from local authority care –U.K. Border Agency response,” (May 7, 2009), online:
http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 39
“probable trafficked child”: Robin Pike, “Child Trafficking at Ports of Entry,” conference presentation at
Combating Human Trafficking: Cooperating to Build Best Practices in B.C. and Beyond
(Vancouver: October 30–31, 2008).

p. 40 “In 1999, we didn't”: Robin Pike, executive director, British Columbia Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons, interview with author, September 30, 2008.

p. 40 Each year in Toronto: Tat Ki Yu, service program manager, Peel Children's Aid Society, interview with author, September 29, 2008.

pp. 40–41 a representative of the Peel Children's Aid Society:
Ibid.

p. 41 Katya: Campbell (see above).

p. 42 “Imagine you've been kidnapped”:
Ibid.

p. 42 “The humiliation experienced”: Rico (see above).

p. 42 Mumbi: Deborah Isaacs, Sisters of the Good Shepherd, interview with author, November 18, 2008.

p. 43 “forced to eat, sleep”: Jason Van Rassel, “Canadian authorities fighting ‘global phenomenon' of human trafficking,”
Canwest News Service
(September 19, 2009), online:
http://www.calgaryherald.com
(accessed September 19, 2009).

p. 44 “I have read some dancer contracts”: Nina Alfaro, regional intelligence officer, Canada Revenue Agency (Niagara Falls, Ont.), “[Redacted],” March 28, 2007 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 59).

p. 44 “In order to conform”: Frederick Matern, second secretary (Immigration), Embassy of Canada (Bucharest, Romania), “[Redacted],” March 29, 2007 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 56ȓ58).

p. 44 “forced to do things”: David Quartermain, director, Border Intelligence, Canada Border Services Agency, “Briefing Note for DG, Intelligence: Victim of Trafficking in Persons Issued Temporary Residence Permit (TRP),” September 27, 2006 (released by the Canada Border Services Agency under the
Access to Information Act
on July 2, 2008, File No. A-2008-00260).

p. 45 “When you look around”: Mike Viozzi, constable, Peel Regional Police, Vice Unit, interview with author, May 27, 2008.

4 Across the Undefended Border

p. 47 Osoyoos: Lou Berube, human trafficking awareness coordinator, RCMP Border Integrity Program, Surrey Federal Operations Branch, interview with author, July 9, 2008;
Bi-National Assessment of Trafficking in Persons
at 21 (see above).

p. 48 “I'm absolutely convinced”: Berube (see above).

p. 48
almost one hundred transit countries: See Benjamin Perrin, “Just Passing Through? International Legal Obligations and Policies of Transit Countries in Combating Trafficking in Persons” (2010) 7(1)
European Journal of Criminology
11–27 at 11.

p. 49 14,500 to 17,500 victims:
Bi-National Assessment of Trafficking in Persons
at 7 (see above).

p. 49 “There seems to be a”: Analyst, U.S. Department of State, interview with author, October 1, 2008 (unattributed per U.S. Government policy).

p. 49 “Despite activity in both”: Criminal Intelligence Service Canada,
2008 Report on Organized Crime
(Ottawa: CISC, 2008) at 30, online:
http://www.cisc.gc.ca
(accessed June 8, 2010), ©(2008) HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF CANADA as represented by Criminal Intelligence Service Canada. Reproduced with the permission of Criminal Intelligence Service Canada.

p. 50 In July 2004, eleven women: Royal Canadian Mounted Police—Headquarters, “Occurrence Summary: 2008387125 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act— Enter by False Means @ 2008/04/11 13:18 MDT,” May 13, 2008 (released by the RCMP under the
Access to Information Act
on October 12, 2008, File No. GA-3951- 3-01397/08 at 655-657).