Invisible Chains (37 page)

p. 50 Criminal networks have long operated: Benjamin Perrin, “Trafficking in Persons and Transit Countries: A Canada-U.S. Case Study in Global Perspective,”
Metropolis B.C. Working Paper
10-05 (2010), online:
http://riim.metropolis.net
(accessed June 8, 2010).

p. 51 “She was extremely nervous”: Steve Richardson, sergeant, RCMP, Windsor Immigration and Passport Section, “Possible HT file,” May 25, 2007 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2008-01112 at 125; see also 121-124).

p. 51 Also in 2007 ... Tasha: Zorida Bacchus, senior program officer—anti-fraud and human trafficking, Borders Intelligence Division—Enforcement Branch, Canada Border Services Agency, “Heads Up: TIP investigation underway,” November 7, 2007 (released by Citizenship and Immigration Canada under the
Access to Information Act
on December 5, 2008, File No. A-2009-01112 at 29).

p. 51 In February 2001, the Vancouver Police:
Bi-National Assessment of Trafficking in Persons
at 21 (see above).

p. 52 Castana: Michelle Miller, executive director, REED (Resist Exploitation, Embrace Dignity), interview with author, February 19, 2009.

p. 53 “work in the commercial sex business”: Royal Canadian Mounted Police— Headquarters, “Occurrence Summary: 2008236390 Assistance to US Police Agency (except FBI) @ 2008/03/05 12:52,” May 13, 2008 (released by the RCMP under the
Access to Information Act
on October 12, 2008, File No. GA-3951-3-01397/08 at 1, 283-284).

p. 53
forty prostituted women ... “flipped”: John Fenn, executive director, Streetlight Support Services, interview with author, May 28, 2008.

p. 53 the Edmonton Police Service: Andrew Hanon, “Social networking sites used for human-trafficking: Hundreds of Albertans get targeted each year,”
Edmonton Sun
(November 11, 2007).

p. 53 “lured from Edmonton”: Royal Canadian Mounted Police—Headquarters, “Occurrence Summary: 2005705522 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act— Trafficking in Persons @ 2005/09/09 00:00 MMDT,” May 13, 2008 (document released by the RCMP under the
Access to Information Act
on October 12, 2008, File No. GA-3951-3-01397/08 at 38).

p. 53 “Canadian females being lured”: Criminal Intelligence Service Canada,
Organized Crime and Domestic Trafficking in Persons in Canada
(August 2008) at 3, 5, online:
http://www.cisc.gc.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009), ©(2008) HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF CANADA as represented by Criminal Intelligence Service Canada. Reproduced with the permission of Criminal Intelligence Service Canada.

p. 54 Jessie Edith Louise Foster: See numerous news articles on the Jessie Foster website
http://www.jessiefoster.ca
; “Jessica Edith Louise Foster: Free-spirited young woman disappears from Vegas home,”
America's Most Wanted,
online:
http://www.amw.com
(accessed December 12, 2009); Daphne Bramham, “B.C. Mother believes missing daughter trafficking victim,”
Vancouver Sun
(October 30, 2008).

p. 55 “My sweet, dear, wonderful Jessie”: Glendene Grant, “Letter to Jessie,” (August 2007), online:
http://www.jessiefoster.ca/index_files/Page8680.htm
(accessed December 12, 2009). This excerpt has been edited for length. A complete copy is available online. Reproduced with the permission of Glendene Grant.

5 Buying Local—Canadian Victims

p. 58 “That's it. That's human trafficking”: Leaver (see above).

p. 58 “They were sold for drug debt”: Schwartz (see above).

p. 59 Detective Jim Kenney: Jim Kenney, detective, Vancouver Police Department, Vice Unit, interview with author, October 23, 2008.

p. 59 Genevieve:
R. v. Jacques Leonard-St. Vil
(November 10, 2008), Brampton (Sup. Ct. J.), Durno J. (unreported), transcript on file with author.

p. 61 “love bombing”: Michel Dorais and Patrice Corriveau,
Gangs and Girls: Understanding Juvenile Prostitution
(Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009) at xvii. Reproduced with permission.

p.
62 “gang bangs”:
Ibid.
at 30–33.

p. 64 International Association of Chiefs of Police: Adapted from International Association of Chiefs of Police,
The Crime of Human Trafficking: A Law Enforcement Guide to Identification and Investigation
(Alexandria, Virginia: 2006) at 4, online:
http://www.theiacp.org
(accessed December 29, 2009).

p. 67 “I owe five hundred dollars”: Anick Gagnon, Projet intervention prostitution de Québec, interview with author, June 10, 2008.

p. 67 “You'll start to dress her”: Mickey Royal,
The Pimp Game ... Instructional Guide
(Los Angeles: Sharif Publishing, 1998), cited by Melissa Snow, project director, Shared Hope International, interview with author, October 3, 2008; as well as Kristine Arnold, constable, Peel Regional Police, Vice Unit, interview with author, May 27, 2008; and Viozzi (see above).

6 The New Technology of Trafficking

p. 69 “You can buy a used lawnmower”: Viozzi (see above).

p. 69 “I cannot believe”: Arnold (see above).

p. 70 “I'll fuck you up”:
R. v. Imani Nakpangi
(June 24, 2008), Brampton (Ont. Ct. J.), Atwood J. (unreported decision) at 2, transcript on file with author.

p. 71 more than three-quarters: Ipsos Reid, “Canadian teens flock to social networking sites,”
Digital Home
(June 23, 2009), online:
http://www.digitalhome.ca/content/view/3809/280
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 71
Sarah: Canwest News Service, “Prostitution sting nets six arrests,”
Times- Colonist
(Victoria) (November 11, 2008), online:
http://www.timescolonist.com
(accessed December 10, 2008); Canwest News Service, “Child prostitute alleges she was lured to Victoria,”
Times-Colonist
(Victoria) (November 18, 2008); Canwest News Service, “Child pornography added to list of charges,”
Times-Colonist
(Victoria) (December 24, 2008); Joanne Hatherly, “Psychiatric assessment for man who beat sex worker,”
Times-Colonist
(Victoria) (April 25, 2009).

p. 72 A survey by Microsoft Canada: Microsoft Canada and Youthography, “Fact sheet: Microsoft Canada and Youthography internet safety survey” (January 2009), online:
http://news.microsoft.ca/corporate/archive/2009/02/25/fact-sheet-microsoft-canada-and-youthography-internet-safety-survey.aspx
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 72 twenty-nine thousand registered sex offenders: Gary D. Robertson, “MySpace: 29,000 sex offenders have profiles,”
Associated Press
(July 24, 2007), online:
www.msnbc.msn.com
(accessed December 11, 2009).

p. 72 over three thousand five hundred: Office of the Attorney General (New York), “Attorney General Cuomo announces thousands of sex offenders purged from Facebook and MySpace in first sweep under State's new ‘E-Stop' law,”
Press Release
(December 1, 2009), online:
http://www.oag.state.ny.us
(accessed December 11, 2009).

p. 73 “They may post sexual images”: Kevin Poulsen, “Pimps go online to lure kids into prostitution,”
Wired.com
(February 25, 2009), online:
http://www.wired.com
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 73 “one of the most”: James Weldon, “North Vancouver teens advertising sex for sale on Craigslist: RCMP,”
North Shore News
(June 29, 2009).

p. 73 “Many of these at-risk youths”: RCMP, “North Vancouver-North Vancouver RCMP working to help teenage sex trade workers,”
Press Release
(June 16, 2009), online:
http://bc.rcmp.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 74 “Parents have to be”: Weldon (see above).

p. 74 In August 2007, the parents: Sergeant Mark L. Schwartz, Calgary Police Service, Vice Unit,
Expert Report:
www.Cragislist.org
(2009) at 2 (on file with author).

p. 75 “the medium of choice”:
Ibid.

p. 75 “cruising through the listings”:
Ibid.

p. 76 Craigslist took further action: Craigslist, “Joint Statement with Attorneys General and NCMEC,” November 6, 2008, online:
http://blog.craigslist.org/2008/11/joint-statement-with-attorneys-general-ncmec
(accessed January 3, 2010);Tamara Cherry, “Experts hope Canadian site will follow U.S. lead: American Craigslist drops section advertising ‘adult services',”
Toronto Sun
(May 15, 2009), online:
http://www.torontosun.com
(accessed January 3, 2010).

p. 76 Vytautas Vilutis: Documentation provided by Arnold (see above), April 16, 2009.

7 Breaking the Bonds That Enslave Victims

p. 78 The Criminal Intelligence Service Canada:
Organized Crime and Domestic Trafficking in Persons in Canada
(see above).

p. 78 “Nobody can get into”: Viozzi (see above).

p. 79 “I ran away once”:
Gangs and Girls
at 50 (see above).

p. 79 definitions of torture: Documentation provided by Snow (see above), reproduced with the permission of Shared Hope International; see also
Domestic Sex Trafficking: The Criminal Operations of the American Pimp
(Polaris Project, 2006).

p. 80 “Part of the psychology”: Mary Pichette, executive director, Servants Anonymous Society, interview with author, February 27, 2009.

p. 80 “It's unreal the hold”: Winn Blackman, Sister/Pastoral counsellor, Salvation Army, interview with author, February 17, 2009.

p. 81
“The Rules”: Viozzi (see above).

p. 81 “The bottom line is”:
Ibid.

p. 82 “were under the control”:
Gangs and Girls
at 45, 58 (see above).

p. 82 lack of control over schedule: Adapted from Kevin Bales & Ron Soodalter,
The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today
(Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 2009) at 164; RCMP Press Release (June 16, 2009) (see above); Snow (see above).

p. 83 “He does it because”: Chantal Fredette, Le Centre jeunesse de Montreal— Institut universitaire, interview with author, June 11, 2008.

p. 84 “a certain dysfunctional attachment”: Dr. Patrick J. Carnes,
The Betrayal Bond: Breaking Free from Exploitative Relationships
(Deerfield Beach, Fl: HCI Publisher, 1997) at 29 cited in Linda A. Smith et al.,
The National Report on Domestic Sex Trafficking: America's Prostituted Children
(Arlington, Va.: Shared Hope International, 2009) at 43.

p. 84 “cleaned up”: Jackie Anderson, children-in-care coordinator, and Diane Redsky, acting executive director, Ma Mawi Wi Chi Itata Centre, interviews with author, November 3, 2008.

p. 84 “Limos would pull up”: Brenda Wootten, Salvation Army, Florence Booth House, interview with author, May 29, 2008.

p. 85 a female victim was assaulted: Kenney (see above).

p. 85 “Do you have a boyfriend?”: Snow (see above).

p. 85 overcoming the trauma bonds: Documentation provided by Snow (see above), reproduced with the permission of Shared Hope International.

p. 86 “She wanted out”: Leaver (see above).

p. 87 “They may have come here”: Employee, U.S. Department of Justice, interview with author, October 6, 2008 (unattributed per U.S. Government policy).

p. 87 Joyeuse: Sam Pazzano, “Alleged pimp wooed young mom,”
Toronto Sun
(April 30, 2009), online:
http://cnews.canoe.ca
; Melissa Leong, “Girl, 3, used as pawn to force Mom into prostitution: Police,”
National Post
(April 30, 2009), online:
http://www.nationalpost.com
; Tamara Cherry, “Pimps guilty of trafficking: Prof,”
Toronto Sun
(April 30, 2009), online:
http://www.torontosun.com
(all accessed November 17, 2009).

p. 88
Laura Emerson: Laura Payton, “Ottawa woman gets seven years in teen-luring case,”
Ottawa Citizen
(April 10, 2009) at A1; “Corrections,”
Ottawa Citizen
(April 16, 2009), online
http://www.ottawacitizen.com
(both accessed April 20, 2009); “Woman faces human trafficking charge in forced prostitution case,”
CBC News
(August 12, 2008), online:
http://www.cbc.ca
(accessed November 17, 2009); “Gatineau couple charged in teen prostitution ring in court,”
Montreal Gazette
(August 7, 2008), online
http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette
(accessed December 26, 2009).

p. 89 “Don't testify”:
Ottawa Citizen,
April 10, 2009 (see above).

p. 89 “Members of the LBC”: Vince Bevan, “Gang Issues in Ottawa,”
Ottawa Police Service Report,
May 10, 2004, online: City of Ottawa
http://www.ottawa.ca/calendar/ottawa/citycouncil/opsb/2004/05-17/item2.htm
(accessed December 26, 2009).

p. 91 “I have three of them”: Louis-Denis Ebacher, “J'en ai trois sur ma liste—Gordon Kingsbury,”
Le Droit
(December 16, 2009) (translated).

8 First Nations, Last Chance

p. 93 “As we got outside”: Anderson (see above).

p. 94 “At the end of the day”: Redsky (see above).

p. 95 According to Dianna Bussey: Dianna Bussey, director, Salvation Army's Anti– Human Trafficking Network, interview with author, September 17, 2008.

p. 95 A 2001 study: Assistant Deputy Ministers' Committee on Prostitution and the Sexual Exploitation of Youth,
Sexual Exploitation of Youth in British Columbia
(Victoria: Ministry of Attorney General, Ministry for Children and Families, and Ministry of Health, 2001) at I.5.

p. 95 75 percent of Aboriginal girls: S.D. McIvor, & T. A. Nahanee, “Aboriginal Women: Invisible Victims of Violence,” in K. Bonnycastle & G.S. Rigakos, eds.,
Unsettling Truths: Battered Women, Policy, Politics, and Contemporary Research in Canada
(Vancouver: Collective Press, 1998) at 63-69 cited in Anupriya Sethi, “Domestic Sex Trafficking of Aboriginal Girls in Canada: Issues and Implications” (2007) 3:3
First Peoples Child & Family Review
57–71 at 59.