Invisible Chains (40 page)

p. 206 assistance for 1696 foreign trafficking victims:
Ibid.

p. 206 2300 T-visas were:
Ibid.

p. 206 “the subtle means of coercion”: Department of Health and Human Services,
Trafficking Victims Protection Act of2000: Fact Sheet
at 2.

p. 207 prosecuted 531 alleged human traffickers:
Attorney General's Annual Report
at 42-43 (see above).

p. 208 A 2008 study by Northeastern University: Northeastern University Institute on Race and Justice, “Executive Summary-Understanding and Improving Law Enforcement Responses to Human Trafficking” (June 2008) at 8.

p. 208 Office of the Inspector General:
Attorney General's Annual Report
at 24 (see above).

p. 208 In Boston, the police: Northeastern University Institute on Race and Justice at 9 (see above).

p. 208 In Dallas, Texas, police:
The National Report on Domestic Sex Trafficking
at 66 (see above).

p. 208 Innocence Lost Initiative:
Attorney General's Annual Report
at 36–37, 42 (see above).

p. 209 National Human Trafficking Resource Center:
Ibid.
at 22; online:
http://nhtrc.polarisproject.org
(accessed November 28, 2009).

p. 210 Swedish model: See Arthur Gould, “The Criminalization of Buying Sex: The Politics of Prostitution in Sweden” (2001) 30:03
Journal of Social Policy
at 427.

p. 211 Sweden allocated 213 million Krona: Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality (Sweden),
Info Sheet: Action Plan Against Prostitution and Human Trafficking for Sexual Purposes
(2008), online:
http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1c6/11/06/29/fcd261a4.pdf
(accessed November 30, 2009).

p. 211 Initiatives include: Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality (Sweden),
Against Prostitution and Human Trafficking for Sexual Purposes
(Stockholm) at 10, online:
http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/13/36/71/ae076495.pdf
(accessed November 30, 2009).

p. 212
From 1998 to 1999: Sweden, Socialstyrelsen,
Prostitution in 2003: Knowledge, Beliefs & Attitudes of Key Informants
(National Board of Health and Welfare Report, 2004) at 23, online:
http://www.childcentre.info/projects/exploitation/sweden/dbaFile11751.pdf
(accessed June 9, 2009).

p. 212 over 500 men had: Rachel Williams, “How making the customers the criminals cut street prostitution: Sweden's law against buying sex views women involved as victims of male violence,”
The Guardian
(January 5, 2008), online:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/jan/05/uk.world
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 212 dropped by 40 percent: Karl Ritter, “World takes notice of Swedish prostitute laws,”
The Independent
(March 17, 2008), online:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/world-takes-notice-of-swedish-prostitute-laws-796793.html
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 212 between 105 and 130 women: Andre Anwar, “Prostitution ban huge success in Sweden,”
Der Spiegel
(August 11, 2007), online:
http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,516030,00.html
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 212 A 2005 study commissioned: Andrea Di Nicola et al.,
Study on National Legislation on Prostitution and the Trafficking in Women and Children
(Brussels: European Parliament, August 2005), IPOL/C/FEMM/ST/2004-05 at ix, 102–103, online:
http://transcrime.cs.unitn.it/tc/412.php
(accessed November 29, 2009); see also Gunilla Ekberg, “The Swedish Law that Prohibits the Purchase of Sexual Services: Best Practices for Prevention of Prostitution and Trafficking in Human Beings” (2004) 10:10
Violence Against Women
1187 at 1200.

p. 212 “They can only run”: Williams,
The Guardian
(see above).

p. 212 Swedish National Police also believe: Sweden, National Criminal Police: Criminal Intelligence and Investigation Division,
Trafficking in Human Beings for Sexual Purposes: Situation Report No. 8
(Rikskriminalpolisen, 2006), online:
www.osce.org/documents/cthb/2007/05/24548_en.pdf
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 212 80 percent of the population: Ekberg at 1204 (see above).

p. 213 “[W]ithout significant investment”: John Picarelli & Anna Jonsson, “Fostering Imagination in Fighting Trafficking: Comparing Strategies and Policies to Fight Sex Trafficking in the U.S. and Sweden” (National Institute for Justice, May 2008) at 56, online:
www.ncjrs.gov
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 214 “I argue that any society”: “Address by the Swedish Deputy Prime Minister, Margareta Winberg, at the Third Joint Seminar of the Nordic and Baltic Countries” (November 28, 2002), online:
http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/1105/a/6848
(accessed November 30, 2009).

p. 214 “Prolonged and repeated trauma”: Melissa Farley, “Prostitution Is Sexual Violence” in Louise Gerdes, ed.,
Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: Opposing Viewpoints
(New York: Thomson Gale, 2006) 101 at 103.

p. 214
In Australia's state of Victoria:
Prostitution Control Act 1994,
No. 102 of 1994, Version No. 65 (Australia, State of Victoria), ss. 19–20, online:
http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au
(accessed November 29, 2009); Consumer Affairs Victoria,
A Guide to the Prostitution Control Regulations 2006 for Licensees and Approved Brothel Managers
(May 2007) at 3, online:
http://www.bla.vic.gov.au
(accessed November 29, 2009).

p. 215 “a clear and close connection”: Parliament of Victoria, Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee,
Inquiry into People Trafficking for Sex Work,
No. 312 Session 2006-2010 (Melbourne: June 2010) at v, 3, online:
http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 215 “When legal barriers disappear”: Janice G. Raymond, “Ten Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution and a Legal Response to the Demand for Prostitution” (2004) 2:3
Journal of Trauma Practice
315 at 322.

p. 215 more than eighty violent pimps: “Amsterdam draws curtain on sex industry as red light windows close,”
Daily Mail
(U.K.) (September 21, 2007), online:
www.dailymail.co.uk
; David Charter, “Half of Amsterdam's red-light windows close,”
The Times
(U.K.) (December 27, 2008), online:
http://www.timesonline.co.uk
(both accessed November 30, 2009); A.L. Daalder,
Prostitution in the Netherlands Since the Lifting of the Brothel Ban
(The Hague: WODC, 2006) at 95.

p. 215 results in
higher
levels of violence:
Study on National Legislation on Prostitution and the Trafficking in Women and Children
at x (see above).

p. 215 “unpredictable client behaviour”:
A Guide to the Prostitution Control Regulations
at 3 (see above).

p. 215 In New Zealand: Ministry of Justice,
New Zealand Prostitution Law Review Committee
(Wellington: May 2008) at 17, 157, online:
http://www.justice.govt.nz
(accessed November 30, 2009).

p. 216 “a broad and progressive”: OBJECT, “Position on Prostitution,” online:
http://www.object.org.uk/index.php/the-prostitution-facts
(accessed June 9, 2010).

17 Building a New Underground Railroad

p. 217 “I'm on my way to Canada”: Cited in “Canadian Confederation: Influence of the American Civil War,” online:
http://collectionscanada.ca/confederation/023001-2050-e.html
(accessed November 6, 2009).

p. 218
A Federal Strategy on Trafficking in Persons
: “Draft #3: Federal Strategy on Trafficking in Persons (DRAFT—For Discussion Purposes Only—Not for Distribution,” January 20, 2005 (released by the Department of Foreign Affairs under the
Access to Information Act
on May 25, 2009, File No. A-2007-00724/BD).

p. 218 Standing Committee on the Status of Women: House of Commons Standing Committee on the Status of Women, “Eleventh Report: A Comprehensive Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking in Canada,” 39th Parl., 1st Sess., online:
http://www2.parl.gc.ca
(accessed June 9, 2010).

p. 218
In 2007, the entire House of Commons: M-153.
Trafficking in persons (human trafficking), combatting
(Smith), House of Commons, 39th Parl., 1st Sess. (February 22, 2007), agreed to, Journal No. 116 at 1061.

p. 222 recommended that Canada adopt the Swedish:
Turning Outrage into Action
at 15 (see above).

p. 223 Victims of crime should be treated: Department of Justice,
Canadian Statement of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime
(2003), online:
http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/pcvi-cpcv/pub/03/princ.html
(accessed November 27, 2009). Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2010.

p. 226 counter-human trafficking police units:
Turning Outrage into Action
at 44 (see above).

p. 229 In Canada, local police forces should: Adapted from
The Crime of Human Trafficking
at 9 (see above).

p. 232 a total of 947 companies: The Code, “List of travel and tourism companies signatories of the Child-Protection Code of Conduct” (November 3, 2009), online:
http://www.thecode.org
(accessed November 27, 2009).

p. 233 top five risks to Canadian children: Cybertip.ca, “Top 5 Risks to Canadian Children on the Internet,” online:
http://www.kidsintheknow.ca/PDFS/internet_risk_eng.pdf
(accessed November 26, 2009).

p. 234 In January 2010, four Filipina: Pike, interview with author, March 9, 2010 (see above).

p. 236
A 2009 report by the U.S. Department of Labor
: U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Child Labor, Forced Labor and Human Trafficking,
The Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor
(2009) at 21-28, online:
http://www.dol.gov
(accessed November 27, 2009).

p. 238 “
Deep in our history
”:
Conscience for Change
(CBC Learning Systems, 1967) cited in McGill Faculty of Law, online:
http://www.mcgill.ca/maritimelaw/history/kingjr
(accessed June 7, 2010).

p. 238
“collection of the facts”: Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Letter from Burmingham Jail
(April 16, 1963), online:
http://abacus.bates.edu/admin/offices/dos/mlk/letter.html
(accessed November 27, 2009).

p. 238 “snug little house and garden”: Adam Hochschild,
Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves
(New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005) at 230.

p. 239 “I just normally hear”: Sam Pazzano, “Alleged pimp wooed young mom,”
Toronto Sun
(April 30, 2009), online:
http://cnews.canoe.ca
(accessed November 27, 2009).

p. 240 “
Having heard all”:
William Wilberforce, speech to Parliament (May 12, 1789); see Eric Metaxas,
Amazing Grace: William Wilberforce and the Heroic Campaign to End Slavery
(New York: Harper, 2007).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

It is humbling to be the author of a
book that so many dedicated people helped make happen. I want to thank The Maytree Foundation for confronting modern-day slavery in Canada by generously supporting this project. Alan Broadbent and Ratna Omidvar recognized the need for this book at our very first meeting in August 2007, and I'm grateful for their advice and encouragement ever since. Mary Anne Bobinski, Peter Dauvergne, and Julie Wagemakers also placed their confidence in this project and ensured the full institutional support of the University of British Columbia (UBC) Faculty of Law and Liu Institute for Global Issues.

The individuals whom I interviewed for this book have helped shine a bright light in some very dark places of our country—I'm indebted to them for sharing their expertise and continue to be inspired by the strength of their commitment to end human trafficking. I want particularly to thank Kristine Arnold with the Peel Regional Police for helping me understand the systematic nature of sex trafficking; Robin Pike with the B.C. Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons for our candid discussions about the challenges of addressing human trafficking; Diane Redsky and Jackie Anderson at the Ma Mawi Wi Chi Itata Centre for opening my eyes to the plight of sexually exploited Aboriginal girls and the healing that is possible when their community responds; and Marie-Claude Arsenault with the RCMP for always being accessible and willing to consider new ideas in the fight against human
trafficking. I also want to recognize Matthew Taylor at Justice Canada and David Batstone with the Not for Sale Campaign who both shared documentation about several cases.

An enthusiastic group of UBC law students was instrumental at each stage of the research and writing of this book. The thousands of hours they spent on this challenging project, and the insightful ideas they contributed, made me proud to be one of their professors. All of my research assistants made notable contributions and are starting promising careers, including Jody Barber, Sarah Galeski, Bruno Godin, Fleur Heck, Rose Higgins, Dan Loutfi, Erica Olmstead, Kari Schroeder, Bethany Tapp, and Yichuan Wang. An outstanding group of volunteer student researchers with the UBC Human Trafficking Working Group met weekly to present their research findings and brainstorm ideas to overcome challenges we were facing. Thanks to Rebecca Aleem, Sarah Bishop, Erin Frew, Arielle Furneaux, Jodie Gauthier, Polly Grace, Alicia Hubbard, Katherine Hegarty, D.J. Larkin, Samuel Loeb, Colleen McLeod, Masao Morinaga, Paige Morrow, Lisa Nevens, Jennifer Nyland, Emily Pitcher, Karen Slaughter, and Jennifer Winstanley.

I'm grateful to my colleague Joel Bakan for helping open the door at Penguin Group (Canada) and for his advice about the project. The publishing team, including Diane Turbide, Justin Stoller, Sandra Tooze, Barbara Bower, and Sharon Kirsch, have helped the call to action in this book reach you, and for that I thank them. The book's manuscript was greatly improved because of the experienced feedback and editorial assistance of John Lawrence Reynolds, who helped me tell this story in a way that would reach a broader audience. I cannot thank Claudia Ho Lem enough for her invaluable comments from the first draft of the proposal all the way through to the final proofs. Her indispensable feedback helped ensure the voice of victims was more strongly heard, recommendations were streamlined, and ideas presented more clearly. I also want to thank Andrew Perrin for taking time away from his own research endeavours to suggest improvements to the book proposal and for helpful observations on early drafts of several chapters.