Invisible Chains (42 page)

in Philippines,
26

and slave trade,
25
–
26

Cotler, Irwin,
119

Covenant House,
152

Crab Park (Vancouver),
17

Craigslist

in Canada,
76
,
108
,
123

restrictions on,
75
–
76

and the sex trade,
69
–
71
,
73
–
76
,
108
,
123

Crime Stoppers,
154
–
55
,
182
,
237

Crime Victims Center,
73

criminal charges

acquittals,
133

in Belgium,
200

Canada's record,
136

against child sex tourists,
193
,
194

defi nition of Trafficking,
119
–
20

diffi culties in laying,
131
–
32

downgrading,
129
–
31

forfeiture of crime proceeds,
141

guilty pleas,
90
–
91
,
120
–
21
,
122
,
125
,
127
,
130

for human Trafficking,
118
,
119
–
21
,
123
–
25
,
174

against Keeler,
25

lack of in Canada,
xix

against Lee,
4

against Leonard-St. Vil,
125
–
27

against Nakpangi,
123
–
25

against Ng,
132
–
34

in Peel Region,
122
–
23

procuring,
130

for purchasing sex in Sweden,
215
–
16

in Quebec,
127

against Saengchanh,
4

seizure of crime proceeds,
141

sentences,
90
–
91
,
124
,
126
,
133
,
134
,
138

for sex with a minor,
186

threat of as deterrent,
185

Trafficking related offences,
130
–
31

in U.S.,
206
–
7
,
208
–
9

worldwide,
118

Criminal Code

Canadian
vs.
U.S. law,
206

and child sexual abuse,
19
–
20

concept of “fear for safety and life,”
137
,
138
,
176
,
199

defi nition of exploitation,
124

and human Trafficking,
xviii
,
3
,
118
,
119
,
121
,
124
,
198
,
199

Nakpangi case,
125

sentencing amendment,
129

sex with a minor,
186

suggested changes to,
221
–
22

Criminal Intelligence Service Canada

Canadian victims,
53

and cross-border smuggling,
49

and poor law enforcement,
139

report on Trafficking in Canada,
57

and traffi ckers control methods,
78

traffi ckers' income estimate,
111

criminal organizations.
See
organized

crime; street gangs

cross-border smuggling

Canada–U.S.,
47
–
49
,
182
–
83
,
226
–
27

Mexico–U.S.,
49

and Vancouver,
51

Crystal (First Nations),
92
–
95

Cullen, Justice,
22

Cynthia (Prince George),
162
,
164

D

Danroth, Jeff,
157

debt bondage,
10
,
38

degradation, a s control method,
80

Democratic Republic of the Congo,
5
,
36
,
109

Department of Foreign Affairs,
24

Department of Justice,
130
–
31
,
141

deportation,
3
,
4
,
50
,
104
,
110
,
131
,
143
,
145
,
171
,
176

deprivation, as control method,
82

developing countries

and child sex tourism,
22

and human Trafficking,
33
–
34

as source for human Trafficking victims,
36

Dillon, Tyrone,
87
,
139
,
239

DiManno, Rosie,
157

Dina (Eastern Europe),
103
,
155

diseases.
See also
HIV/AIDS; sexually

transmitted diseases

effect on demand for children,
22

Dohm, Associate Chief Justice,
164

domestic assault, hiding Trafficking,
103
–
4

dominance, as control method,
80

Dorais, Michel,
82

Downey, Terry Comfort,
122

drugs and alcohol

as lures,
95

as methods of control,
37
,
38
,
62
,
79
,
97
–
98
,
116

use on new victims,
93

Durno, Justice,
126

Dvivedi, Awanish,
195

E

ECPAT-International,
24

Edmonton, Trafficking operations in,
43

Edmonton Police Service, and Trafficking of women,
53

El Salvador

and human Trafficking,
30
–
31

Trafficking to Canada,
52

Electronic Security and Targeting of Online Predators Act
(e-STOP),
72

Elmvale
11
,
175
–
76

Emerson, Laura,
88
–
91

escort agencies/services,
45
,
154
–
55
,
155
–
56
,
157

European Union, prosecutions against traffi ckers,
xix

Evans, Ron,
184

Eve (Toronto),
70
–
71
,
123
,
124
,
160

exhaustion, as control method,
80

exotic dancer visa program,
44

F

Facebook,
71
,
72
–
73
,
222

Family Online Safety Institute,
233

Fantasy Factory,
132

Farley, Melissa,
214

FCJ Refugee Centre,
31
,
142
,
147

fear for safety and life,
137
,
138
,
176
,
199

Federal Bureau of Investigation,
209

Fenn, John,
159
,
160
,
188
–
89

First Nations

Grandmothers' Sacred Walk,
179
–
80

prevention programs,
184

safe houses for victims,
92
–
95
,
96

sexual abuse and,
95

victims, support for,
153

vulnerability of females,
95
–
96

fi shing masters,
10

Florence Booth House,
84
,
153

forced labour.
See also
labour

exploitation

identifying,
234
–
35

Foster, Jessie,
53
–
56
,
210

Fredette, Chantal,
83

Future Group, The

in Cambodia,
xiii
–
xvii
,
14
–
16

founding,
xiii

G

Gagnon, Anick,
66
–
67
,
180

Genevieve (Montreal),
59
–
61
,
125
,
126
,
127
,
210

Ghana, human Trafficking in,
10

global positioning systems, use by traffi ckers,
76
–
77

Global Report on Trafficking in Persons,
120

gorilla pimps,
83

Grandmothers' Protecting Our Children Council,
179

Grandmothers' Sacred Walk,
179
–
80

Grant, Glendene,
54
–
56
,
210

Green Notices,
195
–
96
,
222

Greenwood, Rick,
194

group homes,
58
,
69
,
84
,
88
,
96

H

Hamel, Mike,
101
,
155
,
156

Hannah (Prince George),
162
–
63
,
164

Henwood, Tyrel,
71
–
72
,
129
–
30

HIV/AIDS,
xii
,
22
,
28
,
74
,
169
,
188

Ho, Clara,
145

Honouring the Spirit of Our Little Sisters,
92
–
95
,
96
,
153

hotline,
209

Houben, Joe,
3
,
5

Houle, Cherisse,
98

House of Commons Standing

Committee on the Status of Women,
218
,
222
,
226

Hughes, Donna M.,
157
,
159

human Trafficking

in Asia,
177

Canada's action plan,
218
–
19

Canada's attitude to,
41

in Caribbean,
177

in China,
177

convictions in Canada,
122
,
138

criminal charges for,
118
,
119
–
21
,
174

Criminal Code
and,
139
–
41

defi nition,
9
,
119
–
20
,
137
,
138

and domestic assault,
103
–
4

in Europe,
177

forced labour,
171
–
72

guilty pleas,
120
–
21
,
122

initiatives against,
208
–
9

international,
120
,
140
,
171
–
72
,
177

investigation of cases,
139
–
41

in Latin America,
177

legislation,
141

myths about,
64
–
66

penalties for in Canada,
128

and prostitution,
210
,
211
,
215

sources of,
36

in Sweden,
210
–
13

Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit,
206
–
7

Human Trafficking Task Forces,
207
–
8

Hungary, as source for exotic dancers,
44

I

Immigration and Refugee Board,
147

Immigration and Refugee Protection Act,
120
,
132
,
133
,
140
,
146
,
224
–
25

Immigration Medical Examination,
150

immigration offi cials,
146

immigration policy

exotic dancer visa program,
44

failure of,
99
–
100

and human Trafficking,
30

Incursions Voyages (Quebec),
232

India

and child sex offenders,
195

human Trafficking in,
10

indulgence, as control method,
80

Innocence Lost Initiative,
208
–
9

Integrated Border Enforcement Team,
182

Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons,
218

Interim Federal Health Program,
143
,
150
,
235

International Association of Chiefs of Police,
64
,
229

International Organization for

Migration,
200
,
225

internet

as recruiting tool,
71
–
77

safety tips for children,
233
–
34

sting operations on,
209

as tool for identifying sex offenders,
222

Interpol,
23

Green Notices,
195
–
96
,
222

Red Notices,
195

Interpol International Wanted Persons

(Red Notices),
195

Isaacs, Sister Deborah,
173

isolation, as control method,
79
,
81
–
82

Italy

best practices,
204
–
5

combatting human Trafficking,
202
–
5

identifying victims,
203
–
4

and NGOs,
106
,
202
,
204

shelters in,
202

special residence permits,
203
–
4

vocational training programs,
202
–
3