James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (186 page)

48. 1QpHab II.10–III.11.

49. The description of these ‘
Fortresses
’ as being ‘
of the Peoples
’, once more reinforces our understanding of these terms as descriptive of
Herodians
– cf.
War
1.364, 1.402–21, 2.484,
Ant
. 16.143, etc.

50. 1QpHab VI.11. This is certainly borne out by what Josephus describes happened around the Sea of Galilee in 67 CE, particularly Tarichaeae –
War
3.532–42 (
n.b.
, it is here that Josephus observes that Vespasian’s advisers insisted that, where
Jews
were concerned,
‘no offence could be considered an Impiety
’.

51. 1QpHab IX.3–10 and see
JJHP
, pp. 44–48 and 100.

52. See 1QpHab VIII.10–IX.12 and cf. 4QpPs37 II.18–20 and IV.9–10.

53. 1QpHab XII.2–6.

54. Cf. 4QpPs37 II.18–20 and IV.9–10 above.

55. Cf. CD XIX.8–9.

56. 4QpPs37 II.4, III.12, and IV.18 and cf. CD III.7, XX.27, etc. and Paul in Galatians 5:12.

57. 1QpHab XII.3–9 and
E.H
. 3.27.1–6 on the followers of James as ‘
the Ebionites
’.

58. Jerome,
Vir. ill
. 2.

59. Cf. 1QpHab XII.10–XIII.4 with 4QpPs37 III.12.

60. Cf. 1QpHab XII.9–10 with
Ant
. 20.181 and 206–7 and cf. too
Pes
. 57a.

61. 1QpHab XI.4–9.

62.
Ant.
20.105–132 and 194–97 and cf.
War
2.228–46.

63. 1QpHab VIII.8–9.

64. 1QpHab VIII.12.

65.
E.H
. 1.9.2–3 and 11.9.

66. 4QpPs37 II.18–20.

67. 4QpPs37 IV.8–10.

68. 1QpHab IX.1–2.

69. 4QpPs37 III.1.

70. Cf. 4QpPs37 II.19–20 and IV.9–12 with CD I.7–9.

71. 4QpPs37 II.6–11.

72. 4QpPs37 II.11–13.

73. 4QpPs37 I.26–7 and cf. 1QpHab X.9–12.

74. Cf. CD XX.13–5 with 4QpPs37 II.7–10.

75. Cf. 4QpPs37 II.7 with CD VIII.4–5 and also I.12–13.

76. 4QpPs37 II.12–13 and cf. 1QpHab VII.10–VIII.3.

77. 4QpPs37 II.9–10 and 18–20.

78. For ‘
Salvation
’, see 4QpPs37 III.19 and IV.19–20 and cf. II.7–8 and 19–20.

79. Cf. 4QpPs37 II.19 with
Ant
. 20.200–201 and also see 1QpHab XII.3–10.

80. 1QpHab II.1–10.

81. 1QpHab II.6–8.

82. See 1QpHab VIII.9–13.

83. 1QpHab IX.4–7.

84.
Ant.
20.214.

85.
War
1.486–87 and
Ant.
15.252–266.

86.
Ibid
.

87. Cf.
Ant.
15.259–62 with 20.139–47.

88.
Ant.
15.164–267.

89.
Ant
. 15.365–69, 18.116–19.

90. 4Q
MMT
II.3–9.

91. Cf. CD I.20–21 and 1QH I.9–10, II.32–4, III.25 and V.14.

92.
War
4.228–353 and 566–72 and cf.
Ant
. 20.200 on the death of James.

93. See
War
2.566, 3.11, 20–28.

94. 1QpHab I.10–11.

95. 1QpHab V.3–5.

96. For this ‘
Day of Judgement
’ and these same ‘
Evil Ones
’, see 1QpHab XII.12–XIII.4; for ‘
the hand of the Messiah
’, ‘
the hand of the Poor
’ and ‘
the sword of no mere Man
’, see 1QM XI.7–13.

97. 4QpPs37 III.5–7.

98. 4QpPs37 III.1–8.

99. See
Vita
193–204 and cf.
War
4.160, 238–83, and 316–25.

100.
War
4.238–42 (Jesus speaking) and 4.326–33 (Josephus’ own words).

101.
War
4.314–325.

102. 1QpHab VIII.11–13 and IX.4–7. The allusion about ‘
collecting taxes
’ or ‘
tax-farming
’ literally occurs in VI.17.

103. Cf.
War
1.152–3/
Ant
. 14.72 for Pompey;
War
1.354–7/
Ant
. 14.481–2–86 for Herod.

104. 1QpHab IX.4–5.

105. Cf. 1QpHab IX.5 with CD IX.7.

106. Cf. Vermes,
op. cit
., p. 514, etc.

107. 1QpHab VIII.13.

108. 1QpHab IX.6–7.

109. See
Ant
. 20.139–47.

Chapter 19

1.
War
2.197 and 409–16; cf.
Ap
. 2.77.

2. CD V.8–11 and VIII.6–7.

3. See
Vita
2–5.

4. For a description of this situation, see
War
2.407–32 and for Josephus’ command and activities in Galilee, see
War
2.568–76.

5.
Ant
. 19. 328–31.

6.
Ant
. 19. 332–34.

7.
M. Sota
7:8 and cf.
M. Bik
. 3–4.

8. Cf. 11QT XLVI.9–12 and my Appendix in
JJHP
, pp. 86–94.

9.
War
2.406–502, 6.236–43,
Vita
340–67, 402–10,
Apion
1.51, etc.

10.
War
2.427.

11. 1QpHab IX.1–2 and cf. Vermes,
op. cit
., p. 514.

12. See Vermes above, Cross, pp. 142–160, Milik, pp. 59–70, etc. and note the word ‘
woundings
’/‘
mahalalot
’ with the fe
m
inine plural in the document Prof. Wise and myself discovered (4Q285: ‘
The Messianic Leader
’, since considered part of the War Scroll) and the verb based on the same root in 11QT XLVI.11 clearly meaning not ‘
to cause disease
’ but to ‘
defile it
’, I.e.,
the Temple
’.

13.
War
2.647–51 is his first use of it; his second is in
War
4.160–61 where he discusses the opposition of ‘
the Zealots
’ to Ananus.

14.
War
4.314–15.

15.
Vita
193–216 and 309.

16.
War
4.318–323.

17.
War
4.318.

18. The use of this word ‘
Arab
’ for Greco-Roman historians was, as we have seen, a very general one that certainly

encompassed areas such as Northern Syria; cf.
JBJ
, pp. 886–90 and Strabo,
Geography
16.1.28, Tacitus,
Annals
6.44 and 12.12 (who calls King Agbar ‘
Acbar King of the Arabs
’), etc.

19. See
War
1.6 and cf. Origen,
Contra Celsus
1.47, 2.13, and Comm. in Matt. 10.17 and Eusebius,
E.H
. 2.23.20–21.

20.
War
4.319–20.

21. Cf. Eusebius,
E.H
. 2.6.1–8, 2.23.20–22, 3.6.32, 3.7.8–9, etc. and
pars
.

22. 4QpPs37 II.19–20 and IV.8–11 and cf. 1QpHab IX.1–2, IX.9–X.5, and XI.12–XII.3.

23. 1QpHab XII.6–10.

24. 1QpHab IX.4–7.

25. Cf. 1QpHab VIII.2–3 (in interpretation of Habakkuk 2:4) and XII.14–XIII.4 with X.3–5.

26. Eusebius,
E.H.
2.23.15–16 and
pars
.

27. 1QpHab VIII.2–3, CD V.4–5, etc.

28. Eusebius,
E.H.
2.23.12.

29. 1QpHab X.3–4 and X.9–12.

30. Cf.
E.H.
2.1.4, 2.23.3, and 2.23.16–18 and
pars
.with Ps.
Rec
. 1.70.

31. See
War
4.335–43.

32. Cf. 1QpHab XI.5–6 with VIII.2 and X.3–5.

33. Matthew 24:30, 26:64, Mark 13:26, 14:62, Luke 22:69, Acts 2:33, 7:55–56, Romans 8:34, etc.

34. 4QpPs37 IV.9–10. The word here, which is reconstructed, may either be ‘
Vengeance
’ or ‘
Judgement
’. It is ‘
Judgement
’ in II.20.

35. ‘
Blasphemy
’ as defined in
M
.
San
. 7:5–6 only relates to ‘
pronouncing the
(
Forbidden
)
Name
’
of God
.

36. CD I.19–21.

37. Cf.
War
2.254–6. In
Ant
. 20.162–66, this account is contradicted somewhat, by having the Roman Governor Felix complicit in this murder. This makes the whole approach of Josephus at this point somewhat suspicious. What is going on here? Does he mean that James was complicit in this murder as a putative inspirer of ‘
the
Sicarii
’? If Felix is involved in this murder, it makes no sense to then go on to assert that it was because of these ‘
impieties
’ that God withdrew his support from the City and brought the Romans in to ‘
fire
’ it and the Temple and reduce ‘
our wives and out children to slavery
’ as he does in 20.166.

38.
Euthyphro
2a–3b.

39. See
R.H.
31a and cf.
A.Z
. 8b and
San
. 41a, this last having both ‘
ha-bayit
’ and ‘
galtah
’ in direct conjunction.

40.
A.Z
. 8b and
San
. 41a and see my article in
DSSFC
, pp. 247–71: ‘
Interpreting Abeit-Galuto in the Habakkuk Pesher: Playing on and Transmuting Terms
’ – in particular, pp. 268–69.

41. This is made particularly clear in
ARN
4, which actually refers to Isaiah 10:34 and Zechariah 11:2 and asserts that ‘
Lebanon
’/‘
the Strong Forest that is going to fall refers to the Temple
’, and it does so in the course of a conversation R. Yohanan is having withVespasian (of course, an anachronism, but no matter – Josephus is probably the original anyhow), in which he applies to him the ‘
Lebanon being felled by a Mighty One
’ as Josephus had doubtlessly done before him and as we have it in 4QpIsaIII.7–11 (directly followed by ‘
a Shoot will spring from the Root of Jesse and a Branch from its roots
’). A stronger First Century dating confirmation could not be found, but one can also find it in
Git
. 56a, also referring to Isa
i
ah10:33–4 and
Yoma
39b referring to Zechariah 11:1 as here in
ARN
. Actually 4QpIs
c
combines Isaiah 30 with Zechariah 11.

42. Cf.
R.H.
31a–b.

43. See, in particular,
A.Z
. 8b, which actually sets forth this proposition. The same by implication in
San
. 41a although with less specificity. Both are concerned with the fall of theTemple in 70 CE.

44. Cf. 1QpHab IX.1–X.5, XI.12–15, and XII.2–10.

45. 1QpHab XI.

46. 1QpHab XI.13 and see n. 87 above.

47. 1QpHab XI.6–9 and see my article in
DSSFC
, pp. 247–71: ‘
Interpreting Abeit-Galuto in the Habakkuk Pesher: Playing on and TransmutingTerms
’.