James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (182 page)

67. See
War
2.
626–31 and
Vita
197ff., 290, 316, and 322.

68. Cf. Ps
Rec
. 1.65–8 and 71 with Acts 5.34–40.

Chapter 12

1. See 1QM XI.13–XII.18 and XIX.1–5 and cf. Eusebius,
E.H
. 2.23.13–14, Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 78.14, etc.

2.
Ant
. 20.97–9.

3. Cf.
Ant
. 20.97 with Acts 5:36.

4. See Ps
Rec.
1.71.

5. Here, the only difference is that this is not at the
Last Supper
as later in Matthew 26:26ff. and
pars
. in the Synoptics.

6. For ‘
the Last Times
’/‘
Last Day
’/‘
Day of Judgement
’ at Qumran, see 1QpHab VII.7, IX.6, XII.14–XIII.4, etc.

7. See
Ant
. 20.168–72 and
War
2.259–264.

8.
Vita
10 and
War
2.119–161.

9.
E.H
. 2.23.8 and
pars
. Eusebius makes it clear that this is a direct quote from Hegesippus’ account (c. 165 CE) and the lost Five Books of his
Memoirs
.

10. 1QM XI.11.

11. See 1QM XI.11.1–14 and
pars
.

12. Numbers 24:17–19.

13. 1QM XI.7, XII.9–10, and XIX.2.

14.
Haeres
. 78.7.7 and 14.1–3.

15.
E.H.
2.1.2.

16.
War
6.312–315.

17. 1QM XI.6–14.

18. 1QpHab XII.2–4.

19. Cf. 4QpPs37 II.10, II.19, III.1–2, III.10–11, III.16, IV.9–11 (here, too, the same ‘
paying him his reward
’ in the sense of Divine Vengeance), and IV.19–20.

20. 1QM I.3.

21. 1QM I.2. Matthew 4:15’s
Ethnon
is equivalent to the Hebrew ‘
Amim,
both meaning Gentiles/Peoples.

22. Cf. CD IV.2–3 and VI.4–5. For Theudas’ reverse exodus, see
Ant
. 20.97, and for Jesus’ where he too ‘
leads
’ or ‘
feeds
’ some 4–5000 people, Matthew 10:1, 14.13–21 and 15.29–39 and
pars
.

23. Acts 9:1–25, Galatians 1:17, and Ps.
Rec
1.71.

24. See
Haeres.
19.1.2–10 and 29.7.7.

25.
Ibid
., 20.3.2–3, 30.1.7, 53.1.1, etc.

26 1QM I.1–2, II.10–14, etc. There can be little doubt that what we are speaking about here is the desert between Transjordan and Iraq and all the ‘Arab’ Nations bordering thereon – I.e., ‘
the Fertile Crescent
.’

27. 1QM I.6–7.

28. 1QM I.1. Vermes here gives ‘
Satan
’ as he does most frequently in his translations, but the word is ‘
Belial
’ – ‘
the Devil’
or ‘
Diabolos
’ not ‘
Satan’
. This may confuse the unsuspecting reader.

29. 1QM I.3, 8–9, 14–16, VII.1–7, XII.8–9, etc.

30. 1QM I.5.

31. 1QM I.2.

32. Since these salutations at the end of Romans do refer to ‘
the Littlest Herod’
, hardly a common name at this juncture of Roman history, it is our view that this individual is the son of said Salome and Aristobulus, making it ever more likely that the reference to ‘
the household of Aristobulus
’ in 16:10, followed by that to ‘
Herodion
’ in 16:11 is none other than the one of th
e
se two, ‘
Aristobulus and Salome
’ now living in Rome; and making it ever more likely that ‘
Paul
’ or ‘
Saul
’ is actually the d
e
scendant of Herod’s sister (the first ‘
Salome
’), a first cousin of both Agrippa I and Herod of Chalcis, and, therefore, the ind
i
vidual who was brought up with ‘
Herod the Tetrarch
’ as Acts 13:1 would have it. One should also note that the reference to his ‘
kinsman Junius
’ in Romans 16:7 is, in the author’s view, none other than the son of ‘
Saulos
’’ sister Cypros by Helcias/Alexas, theTemple Treasurer, and therefore probably Paul’s nephew in Acts 23:16 who has access to and warns the centurions in the Fortress of Antonia of plots against his uncle. It is in this passage that Paul’s sister is specifically listed as r
e
siding in Jerusalem. We know too that this ‘Julius’ was an avid reader of Josephus’ works in Rome and, therefore, specifically retired to Rome (the destination of Paul’s letter) because Josephus proudly tells us so in his
Vita
.

33. For Bela‘ as descendant of Benjamin, see Genesis 46:21 and 1 Chronicles 7:6. This makes the curious reference to ba
r
ring one ‘
Bela
‘’ from theTemple in 11QT XLVI.10–11 all the more rivetting.

34. See Koran 2.130–140, 3.65–7, 4.125, etc. and Paul in Romans 4:1–20, 9.8–9, Galatians 3:6–18, 4:22–8, etc.

35. See, for instance, CD XX.17–20 and my article in
DSSFC
, ‘“
Joining
”/“
Joiners”
, “‘
Arizei-Go’im”
, and “
the Simple of Ephr
a
im
” Relating to a Cadre of Gentile “
God-Fearers
” at Qumran’ (first presented to the Society of Biblical Literature in 1991), pp. 313–331; and Acts 9:31, 10:2, 13:16, Romans 3:18, 2 Corinthians 7:1, etc.

36. CD IV.2–10 and VI.3–11.

37. 4QpNah III.3–8 and IV.3–7 (in the second instance, anyhow, clearly tied to an allusion to ‘
joining’
, I.e.,
ger-nilveh
). It should be appreciated that Ephraim became Samaria when the capital was moved from Shechem to Samaria somewhere in the middle of the Israelite history in 1 Kings 16:24–32 during the reign of Ahab and Jezebel.

38. For Niger, see
War
2.520, 566, and 3.11–28. For his death, so reminiscent of that of Jesus, see 4.359–63.

39. 4QpPs37 II.20 and IV.10.

40. 1QpHab II.6.

41. See Acts 13:21, Romans 11:1, Philippians 3:5 and 1QM I.2.

42. 1QM XVIII.8.

43. 1QM XI.4–11 and XIX.3–4.

44. 1QpHab VI.6–11 and XI.7–XII.6.

45. 1QM XIX.11.

46. 1QS V.2 and 9.

47. 1QM XVIII.7. As we have seen, the term
Yeshu
‘
a
in Hebrew means ‘
Salvation
’; cf. the last line of the substantive po
r
tion of the Damascus Document – CD XX.34.

48.
E.H
. 2.23.13.

49.
War
2.599, 3.450–531, and
Vita
65–7, 134–6, 271–301.

50.
Vita
66, 134–6, 143, 302–11, etc.

51.
War
3.450.

52.
War
3.499–502 and 522–30; cf.Matthew 4:18–22, 8:23–4, 14:13–34, Mark 3:9, 4:36–5:2, 5:18–21, 6:32–54, 8:10–14, Luke 5:1–7, 8:23–5, John 6:1, 6:17–23, 21:1–8, and
pars
.

53.
War
3.459–85.

54.
Ibid
. 3.522–542

55.
Ibid
. 3.532–8.

56.
War
2.181–3 and
Ant
. 18.240–55; though in the
War
Josephus calls the place of his exile ‘
Spain’
, in the
Antiquities
he corrects this to ‘
Lyons a city in Gaul
’.

57.
Epistle of Peter to James
4.1–2.

58. 1QS IX.17–18.

59.
War
3.522–9 – here, of course, there is
real
blood
being ‘
poured out’.

60.
The Qumran Chronicle
in December, 1992 (vol. 2, no. 1), ‘
The 1990 Survey of Qumran Caves
,’ p. 49. Also see my ‘
The 1988–92 California State University Dead Sea Walking Survey and Radar Groundscan of the Qumran Cliffs
,’ Michael Baigent and my ‘
A Ground-Penetrating Radar Survey Testing the Claim for Earthquake Damage of the Second Temple Ruins at Khirbet Qumran
,’ and Dennis Walker’s ‘
Notes on Qumran Archaeology: The Geographical Context of the Caves and Tracks
’ in
The Qumran Chronicle
, December, 2000 (vol. 9, no. 2), pp. 123–30, pp. 131–37, and December, 1993 (vol. 3, no. 1), pp. 93–100.

61. 4Q
MMT
II.66–7.

62. 1Q
M
I.1–3.

63. 1Q
M
VII.5.

64. See
MZCQ
, pp. 12–16 and 19–27 and
DSSU
, pp. 32–43 and 49–80.

65. Cf. my discussion of this in
DSSU
, pp. 273–80.

66. 4Q448. The scholars who originally found this were A. Yardeni, E. Eshel, and H. Eshel. See their article ‘
A Qumran Composition Containing Part of Psalm 154 and a Prayer for the Welfare of King Jonathan and his Kingdom
,’
Tarbiz
(60), 1991, pp. 297–300 and in
Israel Exploration Journal
(42), 1992, pp. 199–229 and the version of this Michael Wise and I published in
DSSU
, pp. 280–1.

67. 4Q448 II.6–8.

68. Cf., for example, 1 Maccabees 2:26–7 and 54–8 and 2 Maccabees 4:2 with 1QS II.15, IV.4–18, IX.12, 1QH I.6–7, II.31, IX.5, X.15, XII.14, XVII.3, XX.14, etc.

69.
War
2.152–3, but also see ‘
John the Essene
’ –
War
2.567 and 3.11–19 – who participated along with one ‘
Silas
’ and ‘
Niger
’ in the early battles of the War and died along with the former at Ashkelon.

70. See, for instance, J. T. Milik,
Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea
, London, 1959 whose attitude in pp. 44–98, 142–3, etc. is fairly typical of this way of looking at the documents.

71. Aside from the War Scroll, there is the Community Rule itself, in which we have already encountered the expression ‘
the Day of Vengeance
’ and which in the Qumran Hymns (VII.20) is called ‘
the Day of Massacre’
. But there is also the finale of the Habakkuk
Pesher
, XII.12–XIII.4, which twice refers to
‘the Day of Judgement
’ and ends with the pious hope that ‘
on the Day of Judgement God will destroy all the Servants of Idols and Evil Ones off the Earth’
. This is to say nothing of the ‘
Paean to King Jonathan
’ above.

72. 1QS IX.20–24.

73. Cf. 1QS VIII.12–16 and IX.20 with Matthew 3:1–3/Mark 1:2–4/Luke 3.4–11.

74. 1QS VIII.1–16.

75. 1QS VIII.10–15.

76. Cf. CD IV.8, XX.2, XX.21, 1QS I.2, I.7, I.16–7, V.20 ( repeated in VIII.15 in exposition of Isaiah 40:3 as we just saw), IX.20, 1QpHab VII.11 and VIII.1 in exposition of Habakkuk 2:4), XII.4–5, etc.

77. 1QS IX.13–24.

78. 1QH VII.20 (cf., for instance, 1QM I.10 and VII.5).

79. 1QM VII.6.

80. Cf. 1QS VIII.16–25, IX.19, CD XV.17, 4Q266, 4Q270, etc.

81. CD VI.19–VII.6.

Chapter 13

1. 1QH XI.22–23.

2. 1QH XI.22–23 and cf. XVII.25–36, XIX.24–27, XXVI.7–12, etc.

3. For ‘
the Standing One’
, see
JBJ
, pp. 705–90. For ‘
standing
’ at Qumran, see CD IV.4, XII.23, XIV.19, 1QH XV.31, XXI.13–4, XXIII.9–10, etc.

4. For Synoptic parallels to this ‘
shoe latchet
’ allusion, see Mark 1:7 and Luke 3:16. At Qumran this ‘
Shiloh
’ Prophecy (Genesis 49:10) is actually to be found in the so-called Genesis
Pesher
(4Q252–4), V.1–7, which actually mentions
the Messiah
’s ‘
feet
’ and probably explains all these ‘
feet
’ references we have been following above.