James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (180 page)

50.
Git
56a; for a parallel proper ascription, see
Ket
. 104a above applying the ‘
camel
’ aphorism to her because of her d
e
ceased husband, Jesus ben Gamala.

51.
Git
56a–b.

52.
Ibid
.

53.
Git
58a and Lam
R
. 1.16.48.

54. See
Ant
. 20.179–82.

55. Lam
R
. 1.16.50–51.

56.
Yoma
38b.

57. 1Q
M
XI.13–14; for ‘
the Star Prophecy
,’ see 1Q
M
XI.6–7 and CD VII.16–21. Also see 4Q
T
est
I.12–13.

Chapter 10

1.
Git
56a.

2. See
Yeb.
61a and
Yoma
18a.

3. Cf.
Yoma
9a and 18a above. The former statement is literally reproduced in marginal notes of a Sixteenth Century Ed
i
tion called
Bayit Hadash
with glosses by R. Joel b. Samuel Sirkes.

4. See
Ket
. 104a and cf.
Ket
. 66b.

5. For Martha’s wealth, see
Git
. 56a. For the material in CD, see XIX.9–13.

6. For the true picture of the relationship of Salome to Philip and John the Baptist generally, see
Ant
. 18.116–19 and 137; for a real picture of levirite marriage issues as they related to the remarriage of Martha the daughter of Boethus and Josephus’ friend Jesus ben Gamala, see
Yeb
. 61a,
Yoma
18a,
Ket
. 104a, and Lam.
R
1.16.47.

7. For
Sicarii
, see
War
2.254–57, 425–29, and 4.400–5,
Ant
. 20.186, etc. It is interesting that, as first really observed by Morton Smith, Josephus only begins using the term ‘
Zealots
’ in
War
2.651, long after most of these references.

8. See
War
4.224–325. He repeats this charge of butchering all the High Priests in
War
7.267–8.

9. For
Ben Zizzit
, see
Git
. 56a, Gen
R
. 42.1, Lam
R.
1.5.31, and
ARN
6.3 (20b–21a). For the famous Talmudic episode where the Rabbis cry out to Agrippa I when he comes to read the Deuteronomic King Law on
Succot
that ‘
You are our brot
h
er, you are our brother, you are our brother
’ on account of his Piety, see
M. Sota
7:8 and
pars
. (
Bik.
3:4 and
Siphre
Deut
.
157 on 17:15).

10. See
Git
. 56a, which here calls ‘
the Zealot
s’
Biryonim
and cf.
ARN
6.3 (21a),
War
5.24–6, and Tacitus,
Hist
. 5.12.

11.
Git
. 56a.

12.
ARN
6.3 (21a).

13. Matthew 27:3–10 and
ARN
6.3 (21a).
Git
. 56a, as we have seen, gives a slightly different derivation of his name, i.e., ‘
Ben Zizzit Hakeseth
’
, that ‘
his fringes used to trail on cushions
’ and ‘
his seat was among the Nobility of Rome
’ not
‘of Israel’
. Who could he be? One of the Herodians perhaps?

14.
Git
. 56a–b.

15. Lam
R
. 1.5.31 and Eccles.
R
. 7.12.1.

16. Eccles.
R
. 7.12.

17.
Git.
56a–b and cf. Lam
R
. 1.5.31 and
ARN
4.5 (20a).

18.
Ber
. 62a.

19. The point here is that we have actual Rabbinic confirmation that all these allusions –
ARN
4.5 (20a), Lam
R
. 1.5.31, and
Git
. 56a–b – refer to the fall of the Temple in 70 CE and not any earlier one.

20. Lam
R
. 1.5.31 and 2.2.4 and
ARN
4.5 (20a), but also see Eccles.
R
. 7.12.1 and
Git
56b.

21. 1QpHab XI.16–XII.5.

22. See 1QS VIII.1–12

23.
ARN
4.5 (20a). For being
‘made white’
, see
Yoma
39a and 39b.

24.
Yoma
39b.

25. Lam
R
. 1.5.31.

26. Cf. Lam
R
. 1.5.31 with
ARN
4.5 (20a) and
Git
56b.

27.
War
6.312–3.

28. Cf.
War
2.151–3 with
Ant.
18.23 and note that, while Josephus is calling the latter ‘the Fourth Philosophy’ followers of Judas the Galilean without specifically naming it either ‘Zealot’ or
Sicarii
but obviously rather ‘Galileans’, the description of the courage they show under torture and the threat of imminent death is the same.

29. See
War
4.585–663 and cf. Tacitus,
Hist
. 2.78–5.13, Suetonius 8.5.1–8.85, etc.

30. See
War
3.399–405.

31. See 4Q
Flor
I.7–11 on 2 Samuel 7:11–14 and Amos 9:11.

32. 4Q285,
DSSU
, pp. 24–30.

33. See 4Q252 V.1–6,
DSSU
, p. 89 and my comments there on pp. 83–5.

34. See Lam
R
. 1.16.51.

35. See CD VII.18–21 where ‘
the Sceptre arising out of Israel
’ is said to be ‘
the
Nasi chol ha
-‘
Edah
’ who, at whose ‘
rising
’ or ‘
standing up
’ (resurrection?), ‘
shall utterly destroy all the Sons of Seth
’ – this again in line with the aggressive quality of Psalm 110:5–7, despite later Christian attempts to transmute it.

36. See
ARN
4.5 (20a).

37.
Git.
56b.

38.
War
3.399–405.

39. Lam
R
. 1.13.41 and Song of Songs
R
. 8.9.3.

40.
Ket
. 66b.

41. Cf.
Ket
. 66b–67a with Lam
R
. 1.16.48.

42. Cf.
Ket
. 66b and 67a with
Git
56a and Lam
R
. 1.16.47.

43.
ARN
6.3 (20b).

44. See 1QS VIII.9–10; Phil. 2:25.

45. For ‘
the Sons of the Pit
’ in the Scrolls, see 1QS IX.15, CD VI.14–16.

46.
ARN
25.3 (27a), somewhat palely reflected in
San
. 68a.

47. For R. Akiba and Bar Kochba, see Lam
R
. 2.2.4 and j.
Ta
‘
an
68d.
For R. Eliezer’s words on his deathbed, see
ARN
25.3 (27a) and
San
. 68a.

48. See
A.Z.
16b–17a, j.
Shab
. 14d, Eccles.
R
. 1.8.3, and
Tos
.
Hul
. 2.24.

49. See, in particular, their dispute over the ‘cleanness’ or ‘uncleanness of
the oven of
Akhnai
’ in
B.M
. 59b, which led to R. Eliezer’s excommunication.

50. See
Ned
19a,
M
.
Neg
. 9.3,
Ta
‘
an
25b,
B.B.
10b,
M. Shab
. 6.4,
Nid
. 7b,
A.Z
. 23a, and
Git
. 83a–b.

51. See
B.M.
59b.

52.
ARN
6.3 (20b) and Gen
R
. 42.1; cf. too Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer 7 and Ps Philo 12.1.

53.
ARN
25.3 (27a).

54.
ARN
25.1 (27a).

55.
ARN
6.3 (20b) and Gen
R
. 42.1.

56.
Ibid
.

57. Eccles
R
. 7.12.1.

58.
Git
. 56a.

59. For the story of this woman – supposedly named ‘
Rufina
’ (also rumoured as being responsible for his death) and su
p
posed to be the wife of the Roman Prefect Tinius Rufus – and this marriage, see
Ned
. 50b,
A.Z
. 20a.

60. 4QpPs 37 II.13–20.

61. Cf. 4QpPs 37 II with Gen
R
. 42.1.

62. See 4QpPs 37 II.14–16, III.1, 5–7, and 11.

63. 4QpPs 37 II.18–20.

64. See
MZCQ
, pp. 29, 32–33, and 92–6.

65. See Luke 10:33, 17:16, John 4:39–40, 8:48, and Acts 8:25, but
per contra
, see Matthew 10:5.

66. 1QpHab XI.10–XII.3.

67. Cf. CD III.19–20.

68. Cf. 4QpPs 37 III.1–2 with CD I.7–8.

69. Gen
R
. 42.1.

Chapter 11

1.
DSSU
, pp. 182–200.

2.
MMT
I.62–70.

3. For the ‘Official’ publication of this document, which came out about a two years after that of Prof. Wise and myself, see E.Qimron and J. Strugnell,
DJD
X:
Qumran Cave
4 – V, Oxford, 1994. Again, the present writer was the first to point out that this term implied the charged expression ‘
works
’ and not either ‘
words
’ or ‘
acts
’ which has since – backed up by Prof. F. Garcia Martinez in his translation of
The Dead Sea Scrolls
, Leiden, 1998, II. pp. 790–804, who was the first to realize that I was right in this insight, followed up by M. Abegg, ‘4Q
MMT
, Paul, and “Works of the Law”’, in
The Bible at Qumran: Text, Shape, and Interpretation
, Grand Rapids, 2001, pp. 203–14.

4.
MMT
II.29–32.

5. CD VI.19–21.

6. See Hippolytus 9.21. For Josephus’ ‘
Essenes
’, the allusion is the less specific ‘
nor blaspheme their Law–Giver or eat forbidden things
’; see
War
2.152–3.

7. CD VI.19–VII.4 and XX.17–20.

8. For the antagonism to ‘
blood
’ in CD, see II.8, III.6–8, V.7, etc.

9. CD IV.20–V.11, 11QT LVII.15–21, LXVI.12–17 and 4Q
MMT
II.47–57 and 83–9.

10. See
War
2.408–420.

11. 4Q
MMT
II.84. In this sense, it is perhaps helpful to look upon Qumran and ‘
Essenes
’ generally as a Community of ‘
Holy Ones
’/
Kedoshim
or, as we are attempting to call attention to, ‘
Nazirites
’, ‘
dedicated to
’ or ‘
Holy to God
’