James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (176 page)

93. See, for instance, Matthew 9:10–11, 11:19, 21:31–2. Mark 2:15–6, Luke 5:29–30, and 7:29.

94. For these issues of ‘
niece marriage
’ and ‘
sleeping with women during their periods
’ as the chronological determinant for the Damascus Document at Qumran, see my Appendix to
JJHP
, pp. 87–94/
DSSU
, pp. 208–17).

95. See my Appendix to
JJHP
just cited above and CD IV.14–V.18.

96. CD V.14–5.

97. CD V.7.

98. See
War
2.409–23.

Chapter 5

1. John 1:46–51.

2. B.
Ta
‘
an
. 23b.

3. J.
Ta
‘
an
. 66b.

4.
Ibid
.

5. See, for instance, 1QM I.1–II.14 and the ‘
Visitation
’s referred to in CD I.7, V.15–6, and VII.9–21/XIX.1–13.

6. Cf. Matthew 11:18–9/Luke 7:33–4.

7. John 2:19–21 and cf. with Matthew 26:61/Mark 14:58, introducing ‘
the Son of Man coming on the clouds of Heaven
’ in 26:61/14:62 (it is at this point the High Priest cries out ‘
Blasphemy
’) and 27:40/Mark 15:29.

8. See b.
San
. 86a and Shab. 33b–34a.

9. See 1 Maccabees 2:24–7, 2:54, and the whole approach of CD I.3–4, I.14–18, III.5–12, VII.21–VIII.19, XX.2–4, 1QS II.4–18, IV.9–14, V.5–7, IX.23–5, 1QpHab IX.4–6, etc.

10. Cf. 1QS V.2–14 and CD IV.3–9.

11. For such ‘
Servant
’ language coupled with ‘
Righteousness
’ at Qumran, see CD XX.20–2, 1QS IV.9 (here the usage a
c
tually is ‘
Service of Righteousness
’), IX.22–4, etc. For ‘
the End
’/‘
Last End
’ and ‘
works
’, see CD IV.7–9, 1QpHab VII.1–VIII.3, X.9–12, and XII.12–4.

12. 1QpHab VII.15–6. The text is fractured here, but it actually continues in in VIII.2 in terms of ‘
the House of Judg
e
ment
’. For this ‘
House of Judgement
’ as ‘
the Last Judgement
’, see X.3–5 and for the actual ‘
Day of Judgement
’, see XII.14 and XIII.2–4.

13. Cf. the ‘
Temptation
’ episode ‘
in the wilderness
’ for ‘f
orty days and forty nights
’ by ‘
the Devil
’ in Matthew 4:1–12 and
pars
.

14. Ps.
Hom
. 11.35.

15. See
War
2.259 and
Ant
. XX.160–1 and XX.168.

16. This is the theory behind the opening of
Surah
86: ‘
The Clot
’, followed by allusion in
Surah
87 to ‘t
he Night of Power
’, in which ‘
the Angels and the Spirit
’ (in this case, a direct allusion to ‘
the Holy Spirit
’, in Islam ‘
Gabriel
’ and ‘
the Holy Spirit
’ being considered synonymous) are said to have ‘
descended
’ and ‘
peace until the rising of the dawn
’.

17. Cf. 1 Kings 19:4–14 (including allusion to
‘in the wilderness
’, ‘
sitting
’ and then ‘
sleeping under a tree
’, and ‘
forty days and forty nights
’) with Koran. 3.113–5, 73.1–6, 74.1–6, 84.16–21, etc.

18. 1 Kings 19:7–8.

19. CD XX.20.

20. See j.
Ta
‘
anit
3:3 (IV.a).

21. Cf. 1QS VIII.7–8, 1QH VI.24–6, VII.7–9, etc.; in the Gospels of course, Peter is ‘
the Stone
’ and Jesus, ‘
the Precious Cornerstone
’; cf. Matthew 16:18, 21:42, Acts 4:11, Ephesians 2:20, and
pars.
Also see 1 Corinthians 3:9–11 for Paul’s view of ‘
God’s building
’ which he, ‘
as a wise architect, has laid upon the Foundation of Jesus Christ
’.

22. 2
Apoc. Jas
. 61.21–25.

23.
M
.
San
. 6:4.

24. B.
Ta
‘
an
. 19b–20a.

25. The actual description of this event comes in
M
.
Ta
‘
an.
3.8–9, but in b.
Ta
‘
an
. 23a, this passage from Habakkuk 2:1–2 that one will also find in the Habakkuk
Pesher
is actually connected to Honi’s rainmaking.

26. Of course, Habakkuk 2:4 is the exegetical basis of Paul’s understanding of ‘Christian’ Faith in both Romans 1:17 and Galatians 3:11, as it is in James 2:14–26, no matter how much the conceptualities of these two might diverge. The same can be said for the Habakkuk
Pesher
VII.17–VIII.3 and Hebrews.

27. B.
Ta
‘
an
. 23a.

28. 1QpHab VI.12–VII.14.

29. 1QpHab VII.15–16: ‘
and they will not be pleased when they are judged
’.

30. Cf. CD IV.10–12 with 1QpHab VI.12–13.

31. 1QpHab VII.4–14.

32. Cf. ‘
being saved from the House of Judgement because of their works and Faith in the Righteous Teacher
’ in 1QpHab II.2–3, the allusions to ‘
not being pleased with their Judgement
’ in VII.16, ‘
the End
’ and ‘
the Last Era
’ in VII.5–14, ‘
the House of Judgement
’ as God’s ‘
Judgement
(‘
with fire and brimstone
’)
in the midst of many Peoples
’ in X.2–5, and ‘
the Day of Judgement
’ when ‘
God will destroy all the Servants of idols and Evil Ones off the Earth
’ in XII.14–XIII.4.

33. See
M. Git
. 5:6 (44a) and its explanation in b.
Git.
55b.

34. See L. Nemoy’s tr. of ‘Al-Qirqisani’s Account of the Jewish Sects’ in
HUCA
, v.7, 1930, pp. 326–7 and 363–5.

35.
Haeres
. 30.3.2–6.

36.
Ad Haer
. 5.1.3.

37. 1QM XII.11–2 and XIX.2.

38. Cf. 1QM XII.4–7 and XIX.1–5. For ‘
works
’ in the sense of ‘
doing the
Torah
’ (both based on the same root in Hebrew) at Qumran, as opposed to ‘
work
’ meaning ‘
labor
’, ‘
mission
’, or ‘
service
’, see 1QpHab X.9–12 (describing ‘
the Liar’s vain
’ and ‘
worthless service
’) or numerous allusions in 1QS such as I.2–7 vs. IV.9–11 or IX.19–24.

39. 1QM XII.11–2 and XIX.2.

40. Actually ‘
Balaam
’ is one of the four commoners whom Rabbinic literature designates as having ‘
no share in the world to come
’; cf. b.
San
. 104b–110b and
JJHP
, pp. 90–94/
DSSFC
, pp. 213–7.

41. Cf. James 1:26, 4:11, and 5:9 with VI.26 and VII.17; and see CD III.5–12 on the Sons of Jacob ‘
murmurring in their tents
’ in the wilderness. For the imagery of ‘
light vs darkness
’ see, for instance, 1QS I.9–11, III.2–3, III.18–26, IV.9–11, etc.

42. 1QM XI.4–XII.17. This prophecy is also subject to exposition in CD VII.18–VIII.1 and 4Q
Test
. 8–13.

43. Cf. 1QM XI.11–3 (which includes the allusion to Isaiah 31:8’s ‘
the sword of no mere
Adam
’) with 1 Corinthians 15:45–7.

Chapter 6

1. B.
Ta
‘
an
19b–20a and cf.
ARN
6.3 (21a).

2. Gen
R
. 42.1.

3. See
War
5.24–26 for how the famine began in the purposeful burning of all the stores by John of Gischala and Simon, the Temple Captain and son of the High Priest Ananias, and 5.420–41 and 5.512–18 for the effects of this.

4. Cf. b.
Ta
‘
an
19b–20a and
ARN
6.3 with b.
Ta
‘
an
23a and 1 Kings 17:1–8 and 18:41– 19:14.

5. Cf.
ARN
9 (22b) on Numbers 12:9–15.

6. These fabulous ‘
Rich Men
’ permeate the historical portions of the
Talmud
and its associated literature; see, for instance, b.
Git
56a,
Ket
. 66b–67a,
Ta
‘
an
19b–20a,
ARN
6.3 (20b–21a), etc. For the New Testament, see in particular Luke 1:53, 6:24, 12:16–21, 16:1–22, 21:1, Matthew 19:23–4, 27:57, Mark 12:41 and pars.; but also see James 1:10–2:6 and 5:1ff.

7. See b.
Ta
‘
an
19b–20a and
ARN
6.3 (20b–21a).

8.
N. b
., the pun here in the Greek
kunes
/
kunaria
is on the Hebrew word for ‘
Zealots
’ –
Kanna‘im
.

9.
ARN
6.3 (21a) and cf. Josephus in
War
5.24–26 and 5.420–518 above.

10. For this plaque, see
Git
60a and
Yoma
37a; for Helen’s three successive Nazirite oath penances imposed on her by the Rabbis, see
Naz
19a–20b – but also see the Fifth–Century Armenian historian Moses of Chorene 2.35.

11. See
War
5.147,
Ant
. 20.95, and
E.H.
2.12.3. In these matters folklore is often an interesting guide. It should be appr
e
ciated that this tomb – now known, not incuriously as ‘
the Tombs of the Kings
’ – were in times past known by the Jews of Jerusalem as
‘
the Cave of Kalba Sabu
‘
a’
, a not unimportant testimony to their true identity – see article ‘
Izates’
,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem, 1971.

12.
Ket
62b–63a and
Ned
50a. Cf. too
ARN
20b.

13. This is how he is referred to in
Git
56a and Gen
R
. 42.1; in
ARN
20b it is ‘
Siset Hakkeset
’ which implies it has som
e
thing to do with the ‘
silver
’ (
kesef
) of his wealth – in this case, the
silver couch
upon which he reclined
‘at the head of the Great Ones of Israel’
. For the former, the name rather is presented as having to do with ‘
his
zizzit
(fringes)
which used to trail on cushions
’ (
kesset
), though ‘
couch
’ and ‘
cushions
’ are hardly very distinguishable.

14.
Ket
66b–67a, 104a,
Git
56a, and
Lam
R. 1.16.47–49.

15. See b.
Ta
‘
an
19b–20a and
ARN
6.3 (21a) for Nakdimon’s ‘
rain–making
’ and ‘
cistern–filling’
. For his and the other
Rich men
’s grain storage, see
Git
56a,
ARN
21a, and Lam.
R
. 1.5.31 as well.