James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (172 page)

21. See
Haeres
. 30.21.1 and Ps.
Hom
. 8.2, 10.1, 10.26, 11.1, etc.

22. See, for instance, Ps.
Rec
. 4.35 and Ps.
Hom
. 7.3, 7.8, 8.14, 8.19, 11.35, 12.6 (this showing Peter as a vegetarian).

23. E. S.Drower,
op. cit
, pp. 102 and 155.

24. Cf. Matthew 19:13–5 and
pars
. and Acts 6:6, 8:17–9, 13:3, and 28:8.

25.
Haeres
. 30.18.1–21.1. In fact, just as Josephus’ ‘
Essenes
’, according to the Ps.
Hom
. 12.6, Peter also ‘
wears only threa
d
bare clothes
’; at Qumran, see 1QpHab XII.3, 4QpPs 37 II.16, III.10, IV.11, and 1QH V.23 (‘
the
‘
Ebionei-Hesed
’/‘
the Poor Ones of Piety
’).

26.
Haeres
. 30.18.1.

27.
Ibid
. 30.21.1

28.
Ibid
. 30.21.2.

29. Ps.
Rec
. 1.39–47, 5.10, and 8.59; Ps.
Hom
. 2.6–12; in the Gospels see Matthew 21:11, Luke 1:76, and John 6:14 and 7:40–1. This is based on Deuteronomy 18:15–19, cited in 4QTest 4–8 but also see 1QS IX.11 where it is coupled with ‘
the coming of the Messiah of Aaron and Israel
’. For the Manichaeans, Mani too is the Seal of the Prophets and, in the Koran, see 3.84, 7.157, 33.1–59, etc.

30. Hippolytus 9.21.

31. Cf. Hippolytus 9.21 with
War
2.159–63.

32.
B. Suk.
52a–b; see also
b. San
. 97a; Genesis
R
. 75.6, 95, and 99.2; and Song of Songs
R
. 2.13.4. In
b
.
San
. 43a and 67a, there is also the character known as ‘
Ben Stada
’ (probably a variation on ‘
the Standing One
’ and identical to ‘
the Messiah ben Joseph
’) and who, according to
b. Shab
. 104b, was said to have brought sorcery from Egypt. He too was crucified at Lydda.
B.B.
10b and
Pes
. 50a also pointedly speak of ‘
the martyrs at Lydda
’. One should that Justin Martyr in
Apology
2.14–15 actually refers to ‘
Sotadist
s’ when speaking about Simon
Magus
.

33. See the allusion both to ‘
leading Ephraim astray with a Lying teaching and a Tongue full of Lies
’ in 4QpNah II.8 and that to ‘
the Simple of Ephraim joining’ or ‘rejoining the Many
’ or ‘
Majority of Israel
’ in 4QpNah III.5, itself using the language of ‘
ger-nilveh
’/‘
resident alien
’ or ‘
Nilvim
’/‘
Joiners
’ or ‘
Gentile converts
’. For ‘
Ephraim
’ as ‘
Samaria’
, see Isaiah 7:9, 11:13, Ezekiel 37:16–19, Hosea 4:17, 5:3, and throughout.

34.
B. Suk.
52a–b. Even Josephus,
War
2.234–46, records many difficulties in this border area between Jews and Samar
i
tans which resulted in numerous executions.

35.
Ant
. 18.85–9. Here Pilate is removed and sent to Rome because of the outrages he committed against this Samaritan ‘Messiah’ and his followers, but not before Tiberius had already died in 37 CE.

36. See
E.H.
2.13.3, quoting Justin Martyr (who came from Samaria),
Apology
1.26 and 1.56, and Ps.
Rec.
2.7 and Ps.
Hom
. 2.22; also see Irenaeus,
Ad. Haeres
. 1.23, Hippolytus, 6.2, Epiphanius 21.1.1,
etc.

37.
Ant
. 20.142.

38. For statements of this doctrine relative to Simon, see Ps.
Rec
. 2.7 and
Hom
2.23; relative to the Naassenes, see Hippol
y
tus 5.3; the Elchasaites, Hippolytus 10.25; the Sampsaeans, Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 53.1.8–9; Christ himself, Tertullian,
The Flesh of Christ
, 1.16–7.

39. See Ps.
Rec.
1.72 and 2.7; for ‘
laying on hands
’, see the Epistle of Clement to James 2, 19, Ps.
Hom
. 9.23, and E.S. Drower,
The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran
, pp. 102 and 155.

40. Justin Martyr,
Apology
1.26,
E.H.
2.13.3, Ps.
Rec.
2.7/Ps.
Hom
. 2.22, Irenaeus,
Ad. Haeres
. 1.23, Hippolytus, 6.2, Epiphanius A21.1, 21.1.1, etc.

41. Ps.
Rec
. 1.72–4.

42. See Acts 8:17–8, E.S. Drower,
op. cit
., p. 155 and Ps.
Rec.
2.7/Ps.
Hom
. 2.22.

43. Cf. al-Biruni,
Chronology of Ancient Nations
, 8.23, 18.10, and 20.29;
The Fihrist
9.1; and E.S. Drower,
Mandaeans,
pp. 7 and 258–62.

44. See Ps.
Rec
. 2.7–11 and Ps.
Hom.
2.22–4.

45. See Origen,
Contra Celsus
6.11, Eusebius,
E.H
. 4.22.5, and Epiphanius,
Haeres
. 8.9.1, 10.1.1, 13.1.1–4, and 20.3.4.

46. See
Ant
. 20.129–33. Loeb notes ‘
Dortus
’ and ‘
Doitus
’ as variant readings for ‘
Doetus
’.

47. See
Ant
. 18.85–87. Also M. Gaster,
The Samaritans
, Oxford, 1925, pp. 90–1, who directly connects this episode to the Samaritan ‘
Taheb
’ or ‘
Restorer
’ ideology. The Fourth-Century
Memar
of Marqah also makes it clear that the idea has something to do with the ‘
True Prophet
’ prophecy of Deuteronomy 18:18–19.

48.
Ant
. 18.88–90; cf. Philo’s
Mission to Gaius
299–305.

49. Cf.
Ant
. 18.116–9 with
Ant
. 18.85 and note

the sequentiality here.

50.
Ant.
18.85–6.

51. Cf.
Ant
. 18.88 with Matthew 27:11–26 and
pars
.

52.
Ant
. 18.89.

53. Acts 8:26–39.

54. Note that in the
Ant
. 18.116–9 John’s death is presented as occurring after Pontius Pilate’s removal from Palestine and after the Samaritan ‘
Taheb
’ affair.

55. See Josephus in
War
2.128 and 2.139 and cf. CD VI.21, James 2:5–8, and
Dial
. 23, 46–47, 52, and 93.

56.
War
2.118–9.

57. Matthew 14:6 and
pars
.

58.
Ant
. 18.106–129.

59.
Ant
. 18.108–115; the information that Salome was Philip’s wife and it was he that died childless is given by Josephus in
Ant
. 18.136–7 and that Herodias was originally married to a half-brother of Herod Antipas, himself named ‘
Herod
’ and not ‘
Philip
’ is given by Josephus in
Ant
. 18.109 and 18.136 – nor is there any way out of these New Testament contradictions whatever facile apologetic stratagem is chosen.

60. Hippolytus 9.8 and
E.H.
6.38. One should note that it is in the library of Caesarea that Origen saw the copy of Jos
e
phus’
War
testifying to the fact that Jerusalem fell because of the death of James (not Jesus).

61. For the Mani Codex, see L. Koenen and C. Romer,
Der Kolner Mani-Kodex
, Bonn, 1985 and
Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis
, ed. L. Cirillo, Cosenza, 1990 – in particular, the article by L. Koenen, pp. 1–34; also see L. Cirillo,
Elchasai e gli Elchasaiti
, Cosenza, 1984. Also see the actual quotations from Mani’s ‘
Book called the Shaburkan
’ (after the Persian Ruler for whom he composed it), which al-Biruni claims to give in his
Chronology of Ancient Nations
, pp. 8.1–8. He also claims in 3.11–16 that ‘
the Manichaeans have a Gospel of their own
’, which they call ‘
The Gospel of the Seventy
’, the contents of which ‘
really are what the Messiah thought and taught, that every other Gospel is false and its followers are Liars against the Messiah
’, ideas that in one form or another also went into the Koran.

62. See L. T. Stuckenbruck,
The Book of the Giants from Qumran
, Tubingen, 1997, pp. VII–IX and pp. 1–4.

63. For an Islamic view of the Manichaeans, see
The Fihrist
9.1 and al Biruni 8.41ff., for whom Mani, whose followers were called Siddiks (i.e.,
Zaddik
s) and who taught poverty, ‘separation from the world’, sexual continence, abstinence, vegetarianism, poverty, and ‘
the Right Path
’, came from an Elchasaite family in Messene (i.e., Charax Spasini/Basrah again). The only ‘
E
s
sene’
/ ‘
Ebionite
’/‘Jamesian’ thing he did not teach was bathing – which is the same for Islam.

64. See E. S. Drower,
The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran
, pp. 3–7 and ‘Mandaean Polemic’ in
BSOAS
, no. 25, 1962, pp. 438–448.

65. See, for instance, the reference to the Simon
Magus
-type ‘
Magician
’ called ‘
Elymus Magus
’ on ‘
Cyprus
’ in Acts 13:8 and the Samaritans as ‘
Cuthaeans
’ in
Ant
. 9.288–90, 11.19–20,
War
1.63, etc. above – ‘
Cuthaeans
’ obviously doubling for for
Kittim
/Cypriots, Cretans, or Greeks elsewhere. One should note that, according to
The Scholia
of Theodore bar Konai, a Nest
o
rian Syriac scholar of the 8th–9th Century, the group he calls ‘
the Cantaeans
’ (obviously meaning ‘
the Cuthaeans
’ or ‘
Samar
i
tans
’) preceded the Mandaeans in their doctrines – again, obviously true. But also see, Epiphanius’ claim in
Haeres
. 8.6–11 above (also echoing 2 Kings 17:24 and echoed by al-Kirkisani as well), how the Babylonians settled the Assyrian ‘
Cutha
’ in Samaria!

66. See 1QS I.12–18, VIII.12–18 and IX.4–20.

67.
Surah
s 2.62, 5.69, and 22:17.

68. On Helen’s three successive ‘
Nazirite
’ oaths, see
b. Naz.
19a–20a; for her gifts to the Temple, see
b. Yoma
37a,
b. Git.
60a, and
Tosefta Pe’ah
4:18.

69. See
The Travels of Rabbi Benjamin
, year 1164. This is to say nothing about all the various Karaites and Mourners for Zion he is encountering.

70.
Ant
. 20.97.

71.
E.H.
2.1.2, 2.23.1, and
Haeres
. 78.14.2.

72. For ‘
Judas the Zealot
’, see the variant mss. of
Apost. Const.
, noted in
ANCL
, asserting that ‘
Thaddaeus, also called Lebbaeus
’ in Matthew’,
was surnamed Judas the Zealot who preached the Truth to the Edessenes and the People of Mesop
o
tamia when Abgarus ruled over Edessa and was buried in Berytus
(
Beirut
)
of Phoenicia
’. For ‘
Theudas the brother of the Just One
’, see 2 Apoc. Jas. 44.18.