James the Brother of Jesus and the Dead Sea Scrolls II (170 page)

105. For ‘
zeal
’ at Qumran, see 1QS II.15, III.10, and IX.23 (‘f
or the Law and the Day of Vengeance
’); Paul, Galatians 1:14 and 3:17–8 (sarcastically and attacking his enemies); also see Matthew 2:23 on Jesus, alluding to ‘
Nazoraean
’ but obviously ba
s
ing it on ‘
Nazirite
’ scriptural allusion, and the ‘
keeping away from
’ language associated with James’ directives to overseas communities, as well as ‘
N-Z-R
’ language generally at Qumran.

106. 1QpHab XII.2–3; note too the use here (as in 4QpPs37 IV.9) of the key ‘
gamul
’/‘
pay
’.

107. F.M. Cross,
The Ancient Library at Qumran
, New York, 1958, pp. 152–60 is typical; but see also Vermes,
Les Manuscript du Desert du Juda
, Tournai, 1953, pp. 92–100. Both Vermes in his translations and A. Dupont-Sommer in
The Essene Writings from Qumran
, Oxford, 1961, actually translate the usage here as ‘
walking in the ways of drunkenness
’, the cause of much of the misunderstanding – but, as opposed to this, see J.T. Milik,
Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judea
, 1959, pp. 64–70.

108. See 1QpHab XI.9–XII.6 and 4QpPs 37 IV.9f.

109. See my Appendix on ‘
The Three Nets of
Belial
’ and ‘
balla
‘’/‘
Bela
‘’ in
JJHP
, pp. 87–94 and
DSSFC
, pp. 208–17.

110. Also see this same kind of grouping in CD IV.15–V.15 and VI.14–VII.9.

111. See Cross, pp. 122–7, M. Burrows,
The Dead Sea Scrolls
, New York, 1955, pp. 128–42, and G.R. Driver,
The Judaean Scrolls
, Oxford, 1965, pp. 197–225.

112. 4QpNah, II.3.

113. For Pompey’s restraint, see
War
1.152–4/
Ant
14.71–4; for Herod’s,
War
351–7/
Ant.
483–6.

114. See Louis H. Feldman, ‘Financing the Colosseum’,
BAR
, 27/4, July/August, 2001.

115. 1QpHab VI.3–8.

116. For the arguments for Roman military practice, see Driver, pp. 168 (where he attributes the observation to then M
a
jor General Yigal Yadin) and 178–96. In fact the deifications began in 42 BCE when the Senate voted Julius Caesar – whose image was the first
man
to appear on a Roman coin – ‘
Pater Patriae
’ and ‘
Divus Iulius
’ and Augustus, therefore, ‘
Divi filius
’ (‘
Son of God
’!), but these deifications continued throughout the First Century and included Augustus’ wife Livia, Augustus himself by Tiberius in 14 CE, Caligula, and even Claudius by Nero.

117. 1QpHab VI.6–11 and cf.
War
3.532–41.

118. Luke 2:1–3,
Ant
1.1–3/
War
2.117–8.

119. See 1QpHab XI.4–8.

120. See b.
RH
31a–b,
San
41a,
AZ
8b, etc. and my ‘Interpreting
Abeit Galuto
in the Habakkuk
Pesher
’,
DSSFC
, pp. 247–71.

121. CD VII.13–VIII.1.

122. See
E.H.
2.23.13; cf. Matthew 24:30 and 26:64 and
pars
.

123. 1QM XI.17–XII.11 and XIX.1–2.

124.
War
6.312–4.

Chapter 1

1. See
E.H.
2.23.5, Jerome,
Vir. ill
. 2 and
Comm. on Gal
. 396 (1:10), and
Haeres
. 78.7.7.

2. See Paul’s competitive claim in Galatians 1:15 and in 2 Corinthians 7:1.

3. See
Haeres
. 30.2.3 and 78.13.2 and 78.14.3.

4. For Banus, see
Vita
11 and cf.
War
2.120.

5. See
Protevang
. 8.2–12.3.

6. See ‘
brothers
’ in Matthew 12:46–9, John 2:12, 7:3–5, etc.; for ‘
sisters
’, see Matthew 13:56/Mark 6:3. etc.

7. Jerome in
Vir. ill
. 2 calls James
‘the son of Mary sister of the Lord
’ in John 19:25 (thus).

8. See
Protevang
. 25.1.

9. See
b. B.B.
60b,
Naz
. 19a,
Ned
. 10a and 77b, and
T
a‘
an
11a;
JBJ
, pp. 309, 764, and 898.

10. In Paul, 1 Corinthians 12:12–27, Ephesians 2:18–22, etc. – Gospels, John 2:21/Matthew26:61 and
pars
.

12. Cf. Matthew 9:11, 11:19, Mark 2:16, Luke 5:30, 7:34, 15:2, etc. and the allusions to ‘
eating and drinking
’ in Matthew's ‘
Little Apocalypse
’ 24:38 and49 (including an allusion to ‘
drinking with drunkards
’ – ‘
gluttons
’ obviously being implied too) and Luke 10:7.

13. We have already seen the use of this ‘
Cup
’ imagery in 1QpHab  XI.8–12.6; but see also Revelation 14:8–11 and 1:1–21.

14. See
b. B.B.
60b,
Naz
. 19a,
Ned
. 10a, 77b, and
T
a‘
an
11a.

15. See
JBJ
, pp. 309, 764, 898, and 1028 and Benjamin of Tudela,
Travels
: Year 1165. He describes these ‘
Mourners for Z
i
on
’ as ‘
eating no meat and abstaining from wine and dressing only in black and living in caves
’!

16. See A. Paul,
Ecrits de Qumran et Sectes Juives aux Premiers Siecles de L’Islam: Recherches sur l’origine du Qaraisme
, Paris, 1969.

17.
Ibid
., pp. 115–140.

18. Benjamin, for instance, also in Year 1165 describes the Uprising of David Alroy (c. 1155), but there were earlier ones like Abu ‘Isa al-Isfahani and his disciple Yughdan (preceding Anan ben David and patterned on similar Shi‘ite Islamic ones from the 7
th
Century and Karaism onwards), both of whom – like other ‘
Mourners for Zion
’ and James – ‘
prohibted all meat and win
e’ ; see al-Kikisani in L. Nemoy’s
Karaite Anthology
, New Haven, 1952, pp. 51 and 334. Al-Biruni, too (the 10th-11th Century Muslim geographer and encyclopaedist), in
The Chronology of Ancient Nations
, 3.20, also knows about the teachings of both Abu ‘Isa al-Isfahani and Yughdan.

19. See M. Baigent, R. Leigh, and H. Lincoln,
Holy Blood, Holy Grail
, London, 1982, pp. 85–109. Though this inner circle or ‘
kabal
’ is probably imaginary, still the choice of this designation is curiously interesting.

20. 1QH XVII.30–5.

21. Matthew 11:18–19/Luke 7:33–4 and cf.
E.H.
2.23.5 and
Haeres
. 78.13.3.

22. See for instance
Zohar
1.59b on ‘
Noah
’ and Proverbs 10:25.

23. See CD IV.17–8, VI.15–VII.3,
MMT
II.3–24 and cf.
Haeres
. 30.16.7.

24. See
War
2.129 and Hippolytus 9.16, Ps.
Hom
. 7.8, 10.1, 11.1, 24–8, and
Haeres
. 17, 19.5.7, 30.2.4–6, etc.

25. Cf. Luke 5:36–9 and
pars
. with 1QS VI.4–5.

26. Cf. 1QS  V.13, VI.2–5, 20–1, VII.19–20, etc. with
Wa
r 2.130–33; but see too 2.143–4.

27. Cf.
E.H.
2.23.5,
Haeres
. 78.13.3, and Luke 1:15 and 7:33/Matthew 11:18.

28. See in Hippolytus 9.21 how he uses the same expression to explain why the ‘
Zealot
’/‘
Sicarii
Essenes
’ enduring any to
r
ture and preferred death rather than ‘
blaspheme the Law or eat things sacrificed to idols
’.

29.
E.H.
4.22.4,
Haeres
. 19.1.1–6, 19.5.7, 20.3.1–4, 29.1.1–4, 29.5.1–29.7.7 30.1.1, and 53.1.1–4. Also see Apost. Const. 6.6 which calls ‘
Masbuthaeans
’ ‘
Basmuthaeans
’, and Pliny,
H.N.
5.81 who knows a group in Northern Syria called the ‘
Nazirines
’.

30. See S. Goranson, ‘Essenes: Etymology from ‘
Asah
’,
Revue de Qumran
, 1984, pp. 483–98.

31. This is also the case with a name like ‘
Abgarus
’ which becomes ‘
Agbarus
’, ‘
Acbarus
’, ‘
Augurus
’, ‘
Alburus
’, etc. in many translations.

32. See
Haeres
. 53.2.2.

33. See, for instance,
Haeres
. 30.17.1–18.1, but also 53.1.1–4 and Hippolytus 9.9 and 10.25.

34.
Ant.
18.112–9.

35. Cf. A.N. Sherwin-White,
The Roman Citizenship
, Oxford, 1939, pp. 270–5 with CD VIII.10/XIX.23 on ‘
the Kings of the People
s’ which it considers identical with ‘
the Greek-speaking Kings
’.

36. In CD IV.17–V.15 and VIII.4–10/XIX.18–22, these ‘
Princes
’ are called ‘
diseased without a cure
’.

37. See, e.g., Tacitus in
Annals
6.44 and 12.12 in his references to ‘
Acbar King of the Arabs
’ or Edessenes generally. Strabo in
Geography
16.1.28 considers almost all Mesopotamians ‘
Arabs
’ as he does ‘
Osrhoeans
’; for Pliny,
H.N.
6.31.136–9, so are the inhabitants of Charax Spasini on the Persian Gulf, where Izates originally lived; for Juvenal,
Satire
1.127, even the famous R
o
man Governor, Tiberius Alexander, is an ‘
Arabarch
’.

38. In Dio Cassius,
Roman History
, 68.21, it can be either ‘
Augurus
’ /‘
Albarus
’/ or ‘
Agbarus
’; the same for Hippolytus in
Codex Baroccian
26.

39. Cf.
E.H.
1.13.2.

40. See Moses of Chorene,
History of Armenia,
2.35, who sees Helen as the first and principal of Abgar’s wives, with
Ant
. 20.18. This is also the position somewhat of ‘The Teaching of Addai’.

41. See
Ant
. 20.17–53 and 75–92.

42. See
JBJ
, pp. 856–66 and 923–36.

43. See Moses of Chorene 2.35.

44. For the history of this monarch, see Eusebius, Moses of Chorene,
loc. cit
., and J.B. Segal,
Edessa
‘
The Blessed City
’, pp. 62–82.

45.
Ant
. 20.34–48.

46. Strabo, 17.1.54–2.4 calls her ‘
the Ruler of the Ethiopians in
(
his
)
time
’, but he clearly means Meroe in Nubia on the Nile (c. 50–25 BCE), a point Pliny consolidates in
H.N.
6.35.

47.
Ant
. 20.38–46, which is supported and even more fully fleshed out in Gen.
R
. 46:10–47:11.