Laughter in Ancient Rome (87 page)

Rabbie, Edwin,
110
,
228n48

Rabelais, Francois:
Gargantua and Pantagruel,
60
,
61

Ramsay, Sir William,
26

Rapp, A.,
270n18

Raskin, Victor,
38
,
222n41

rats, laughter of,
47

religious images, competing modes of,
175

Rembrandt, self-portrait as Zeuxis,
173

renidere
(to shine out),
72
,
73
,
74
,
240n20
rex facetus,
medieval,
130

Rhadamanthys, as inventor of the joke,
208–9
,
275n87
; as judge in underworld,
161

rhetoric: effect on jokes,
208
; Hellenistic handbooks on,
225n23
; of invective,
247n26
; morality of,
108
,
109
; truth of,
126

Richlin, Amy,
259n3
; on Freudian laughter,
229n64
;
The Garden of Priapus,
105–6

rictus
(laughter),
72
; of animals,
159
; of dogs,
260n16
; Ovid’s use of,
260n14

ridere
(to laugh),
71
,
72
,
75
; etymology of,
231n81
,
238n1
; favorable senses of,
83
; and
meidian,
253n25
; Virgil’s use of,
73

ridicule: Aristotelian tradition on,
121
; Cicero’s use of,
106
; enforcement of norms through,
106
; in Roman culture,
232n6
; Spartan use of,
93
; use in persuasion,
106

ridiculus
(laugh-able): Cicero as,
102–3
; parasites as,
150
,
257n86
; Quintilian on,
125
; two senses of,
108
,
125
.
See also
the laughable

Risus
(god of Laughter), in
The Golden Ass,
160
,
178
,
181–83

risus
(laughter),
11
,
71
; and
gelōs,
48
; rules governing,
83
; in Virgil’s fourth
Eclogue,
81–85
.
See also
laughter, Roman

rituals: inversionary,
63
,
65
,
235n47
; of misrule,
60
; scapegoat,
182
,
267n124

Robert, L.,
270n18

Roberts, M.,
259n103

Robertson, D. S.,
267n124

Rochefort, G.,
269n7

Roller, M. B.,
256n77
,
258n88

Roman Empire: bilingual literary culture of,
85–95
,
243n68
; construction of identity in,
243n65
; cultural change in,
87
; diversity of inhabitants,
86–87
; Greek culture of,
88
,
90
; Greek literature of,
85–95
,
243n70
; power structures of,
88

rulers, benevolent jokes of,
130
.
See also
emperors, Roman

Saint-Denis, E. de,
231n3
,
238n64

sales
(witticisms), Cicero on,
114
,
115
.
See also
wit

sanniones,
262n52
; Cicero on,
168

Sarmentus (
scurra
),
68
,
143
,
255n48
; meddlesomeness of,
153

Satellius Quadratus,
151
,
257n88

Sather Lectures,
ix
,
211

satire, Roman,
68
; psycho-social dynamics of,
41

Saturnalia (festival),
62–65
,
235n41
; Aulus Gellius on,
236n49
; Bakhtin on,
62–63
,
65
,
235n43
; the carnivalesque in,
235n47
; and Christmas,
63
; costume of,
63
,
65
; elites’ participation in,
236n49
; feasting in,
64
,
236nn49
,
55
; free speech in,
64
,
235n46
,
237n56
; as inversionary ritual,
63
,
65
,
235n47
; king of,
64
,
235n42
,
236n54
; paternalism in,
65
; Pliny the Elder on,
237n56
; role reversal in,
63
,
64
,
235n44
; social equality in,
65
.
See also
Macrobius,
Saturnalia

satyrs, rictus of,
57

Scaliger, on Virgil’s fourth Eclogue,
241n54

Schlam, C. C.,
268n130

Schofield, Malcolm,
227n40

scholastikos:
Cicero as,
190
; laughable qualities of,
190–91

scholastikos
jokes,
185–86
,
190–91
,
268n4
,
270nn24
,
25
; about dreams,
197
; about teachers,
192
; datable,
189
; family life in,
198
; identity in,
200
; lost point of,
272n45
; mimic themes of,
271n40
; numbers in,
199
,
269n7
; Sidon in,
271n34
; standard lines in,
271n38
; told on themselves,
194
; visual images in,
194