Read Life's Greatest Secret Online
Authors: Matthew Cobb
Life's Greatest Secret (75 page)
,
167
,
186–8
messages
see
communication
;
information theory
messenger molecule, PaJaMo group
156
,
165
messenger RNA (mRNA)
cross-species transfer
271
discovery
166–7
,
169
function
317
Nirenberg’s work with
178
,
180
,
184–5
,
208
PaJaMo group and
166
,
178
potential manipulation
284
pre-mRNA processing to
222
switch of code investigations to
198
untranslated regions
297
use of possible codons
208
,
211
metaphors
information as
112
,
147–9
,
159
,
203
,
298
,
300
risks associated with
313
methionine/start codon
213
methylation of cytosine
256–8
microsomal particles (ribosomes)
134
Miescher, Fritz
14–15
Miller, Stanley
286
Mirsky, Alfred E.
41–3
,
55–9
,
62
,
64
,
90–1
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Broad Institute CRISPR patents
284
David Baltimore at
251
Elias at
147
Farzadfard and Lu at
272
Phillip Sharp at
223
Shannon at
25
,
27
Wiener’s group at
21
,
24–5
mitochondria
maternal effects
258
and the origin of eukaryotes
239
mitochondrial DNA
224–5
mitosis
12
‘Models in Biology’ symposium
147
models of DNA
Astbury on
54
early attempts
99–100
,
103
triple helix models
99–100
,
104
,
106
Watson and Crick’s final model
106–7
,
107f
molecular biology
coinage of the term
21
Ed Tatum on development of
204
funding and coordination
217
,
312
Journal of Molecular Biology
160
,
167
,
185
Molecular Biology of the Gene,
by James Watson
140
,
251
molecular geneticists
130
,
267
molecular genetics
Benzer’s role in creating
162
changes in the practice of
310
colinearity assumption
213
contribution of Jacob and Monod
170
Darwinian framework
220
influence of cybernetics and information theory
148
,
298–9
,
307–8
reverse transcriptase role
252
universality assumption
250
validity of the word ‘code’
301
see also
central dogma
Monod, Jacques
Chance and Necessity
book
306
on cybernetics
407
‘derepression of repression’
257
on dogma
137
enzymatic adaptation/induction
152–3
Essays in Enzyme Cybernetics
project
159
ideas on genetic regulation
168–71
,
220
,
226
,
243
on negative feedback
153–4
PaJaMo studies
155–6
,
158
,
160
,
166
,
178
see also
Jacob
Morgan, Thomas Hunt
3–6
,
9
Moscow,
5
th International Congress of Biochemistry, 1961
183
,
185–8
,
190–2
mRNA
see
messenger RNA
Mueller, Howard
51
Muller, Hermann
on Avery’s work
50–1
,
56
crystal-growth model
7
,
15
inducing mutations with X-rays
5
Nobel Prize
33
reaction to
What is life?
18
relationship with Morgan
4–5
viruses as models for genes
8
Mullis, Kary
229–30
multicellular organisms
horizontal gene transfer in
271
information storage
299
mutations
bacterial enzyme induction and
155–6
directed/targetted mutations
39
,
45
,
56
,
283
frequency and inheritance of
13
inducing with X-rays
5–6
,
10
point mutations and frame-shifts
223
Schrödinger’s views on
12–13
,
18–19
single-gene, effects
127–8
T4 phage work on triple coding
192–3
Mycoplasma mycoides
267–8
Myriad Genetics
234
N
Nagasaki
18
,
28–9
,
89
,
151
Naples, Symposium on Submicroscopical Morphology in Protoplasm
96–7
Napp, Abbot of Brno
1–2
Nasuia deltocephalinicola
237
national differences over genetics as information
81–3
National Institutes of Health group
173
,
175
,
183
,
192
,
209
natural selection
and the central dogma
262
effect on genetic information
299–300
non-functional DNA as exempt
262
Nature
book reviews
17
,
50
Brenner, Jacob and Crick paper
178
+
Brenner, Jacob and Meselson paper
167
Crick et al. on the triplet code
193
,
197
Gamow letter
114
Gilbert on automation and computers
310
Gilbert on introns
221–2
human genome project
233
Ingram letter
127–8
letter from Ephrussi et al.
87–8
papers by Wilkins et al.
94
on the reversal of the central dogma
250–1
Watson and Crick letters
109
,
111–13
Nature Genetics
paper with 440
authors
311
Neanderthals
240–2
Neel, James
126
‘negative entropy’ (negentropy)
12
,
18
,
75–6
,
78
,
202
negative feedback in biology
in behaviour
23–5
Cold Spring Harbor symposium on
168
in protein synthesis
151–4
,
153–5
,
157
,
168
pyrimidine biosynthesis
154
repression distinguished from
168
systems biology legacy
306
Wiener on
30
,
75–6
,
79
see also
cybernetics
negative feedback in history
76
neo-Darwinian synthesis
138
Neufeld, Fred
37
neural networks
307
neuronal development
223
,
239
Neurospora
10
‘night science’
171
,
218
Nirenberg, Marshall
at Cold Spring Harbor 1963 Symposium
207–8
at Cold Spring Harbor 1966 Symposium
214
collaboration with Matthaei
173–5
,
177–80
to Crick on press coverage
197
on Crick’s demonstration of a triplet code
194
Crick’s evaluation of
186–7
,
192–5
Lily Kay on
185n
Moscow Congress presentations
186–7
Nobel Prize and evaluation of
215–17
,
309
,
312
rivalry with Ochoa’s group
191–2
,
196–7
at the Royaumont colloquium
203
at the Rutgers symposium
204–5
various rejections
175
,
183
work with synthetic RNA fragments
209–12
Nobel Prizes
awards for genetic code work
215
; limit on numbers sharing
167n
; potential recipients
284
; potential recipients overlooked
59
,
108
,
167n
,
215
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sidney Altman
288
; Christian Anfinsen
264
; Paul Berg
279
; Thomas Cech
288
; Wally Gilbert
228
,
279
; Kary Mullis
229n
,
230
; Max Perutz
17
; Fred Sanger (twice)
120
,
228
,
279
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (and later Peace)
Linus Pauling
17
Nobel Prize in Physics
Louis de Broglie
82
; Dick Feynman
117
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
David Baltimore
252
; George Beadle
215
; Sydney Brenner
215
; Macfarlane Burnet
34
,
140
; Francis Crick
18
,
108
,
207
,
215
; Max Delbrück
215
; Renato Delbucco
252
; Andrew Fire
283
; Al Hershey
215
; Robert Holley
215
; François Jacob
215
; Gorind Khorana
215
; Joshua Lederberg
51
,
215
; Fritz Lipmann
189
; Salvador Luria
215
; André Lwoff
215
; Barbara McClintock
245–6
; Craig Mello
283
; Jacques Monod
157
,
215
; Thomas Hunt Morgan
5
; Hermann Muller
33
; Marshall Nirenberg
215
; Severo Ochoa
176
,
215
; Stanley Prusiner
254
; Richard Roberts
223
; Phillip Sharp
223
; Wendell Stanley
64
; Ed Tatum
215
; Howard Temin
252
; Harold Varmus
188
; James Watson
18
,
108
,
207
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