Millenium (63 page)
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[1]
The first certain use of the document by a pope occurred as late as 1054, but its origin in the events of the second half of the eighth century is almost universally accepted by scholars, with a majority agreeing that it must first have appeared in the 750s or 760s.
[2]
The Latin term used by the chroniclers of Henry I's reign is
'imperium'.
The German word — despite its unfortunate connotations — conveys a much better sense of its meaning than any alternative word in English.
[3]
An alternative version of his death claims that John XII was murdered liv the outraged husband.
[4]
Mohammed, in a celebrated hadith
(The Book on Government,
4681), declared that 'the gates of Paradise are under the shadows of the swords': a sentiment profoundly shocking to Byzantine sensibilities.
[5]
Or, as Gabriel put it, 'those whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom God has assigned to thee': Qur'an 33.50.
[6]
The origins of the name are notoriously problematic. Some derive it from the Vandals, invaders of the Roman Empire who passed through Spain on their way to North Africa; others from Atlantis, the legendary island written about by Plato, and which was supposed to have been located in the furthest west. The uncertainty persists.
[7]
'Servus',
even more than
'pauper',
is a word with a complex history. Originally, it meant 'slave'; and the course of evolution by which it came to mean 'serf remains intensely controversial. At the time of the Millennium, it could still be used with both meanings.
[8]
The current consensus among historians is that the theory was not true. Studies of rural settlements in Scandinavia do not, in fact, appear to indicate excessive population growth.
[9]
The evidence for this depends on an autopsy conducted on Edward's bones in 1963. It is possible, of course, that the pathologist's conclusions were mistaken — or indeed that the bones were not those of Edward at all.
[10]
An equally plausible translation is 'Blacktooth' — 'Bluetooth', however, has been immortalised as a sobriquet by its use as a name for wireless technology, uniting different technologies just as Harald was supposed to have united Denmark and Norway. The contemporary enthusiasm for recasting tenth- century warlords as peaceable multiculturalists is a peculiar one — and one from which the Caliphs of Cordoba have regularly benefited as well.
[11]
'Kanisai al-Qumami'
- a pun on the Arabic for Church of the Resurrection,
'Kanisai al-Qiyama'.
[12]
A theory that is accepted to this day by the Druze of Lebanon, Syria and Israel, who worship al-Hakim as what the Caliph had claimed to be: an incarnation of God.