Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols (156 page)

28 Har-El, S.,
Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman–Mamluk War 1485–91
(Leiden, New York and Cologne, 1995), 39; “those places” i.e. towns and fortresses east of the Amanus range and the Anti-Taurus as well as the area of the
and Sayhan rivers.

29 Al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn
duwal al-mulūk
(Beirut, 1997), vol. 3, pt. 1, 347. Translation taken from Massoud, S. G., “Al-Maqrīzī as a historian of the reign of Barqūq,”
MSR
7/2 (2003): 128.

30 Maqrīzī,
Sulūk
, 3, pt. 2, 787; Ibn-Taghrī Birdī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Mahāsin,
Al-Nujūm al-zāhira fī mulūk
wa-l-Qāhir
(Cairo 1956), vol. 12, 261.

31 Har-El,
Ottoman–Mamluk War
, 68.

32 Maqrīzī,
Sulūk
, 3, pt. 2, 824. Maqrīzī does not explain what led to the replacement of this group of governors. Ibn-Taghrī Birdī gives a similar account but mentions fewer towns in which governors were replaced. Ibn-Taghrī Birdī,
Nujūm
, vol. 12, 59.

33 Ibn-Taghrī Birdī,
History of Egypt 1382–1469
A.D
.
(pt. II, 1399–1411 a.d.), tran. W. Popper (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1954), vol. 14, 33–5.

34 Ibid., vol. 14, 34.

35 Ibid., vol. 14, 39–51; Manz, B. F.,
The Rise and Rule of Tamerlan
(Cambridge, 1989), 73.

36 Abū
Ibn-Taghrī Birdī,
al-Nujūm al-zāhira fī mulūk
wal-Qāhir
, ed. W. Popper (Berkeley, 1920–3), vol. 6, pt. 2, 47; Ibn-Taghrī Birdī,
History
(Popper), vol. 14, 35.

37 The first full-scale qquyunlu attacks on the Mamluk towns and fortresses along the Euphrates took place during al-Ashraf Barsbay’s reign in 830/1427. Following the death of the Aqquyunlu leader Qara
in 839/1435 the Mamluks enjoyed almost forty years of quiet before the attacks were resumed. Woods, J. E.,
The Aqquyunlu Clan, Confederation, Empire
, rev. and expanded edn (Salt Lake City, 1999), 50, 54, 116–17; Har-El,
Ottoman–Mamluk War
, 96–9.

38 Petry, C. F.,
Twilight of Majesty: The Reigns of the Mamluk Sultans al-Ashraf Qāytbāy and Qānsūh al-Ghawrī in Egypt
(Seattle and London, 1993), 11–12.

39 Ibn
,
Al-Qawl
, 67.
Bak is in fact the Aqquyunlu leader Uzun
, his full title being Uzun
b.
.