Native Seattle (43 page)

13.
A complete list of works on Native history in the West would be too long to include here. For a beginning overview of the literature, see Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds.,
The Oxford History of the American West
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

14.
General studies of urban Indians include W. T. Stanbury,
Success and Failure: Indians in Urban Society
(Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1975); Alan L. Sorkin,
The Urban American Indian
(Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1978); Russell Thornton, Gary D. Sandefur, and Harold G. Grasmick,
The Urbanization of American Indians: A Critical Bibliography
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); and Donald L. Fixico,
The Urban Indian Experience in America
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000). For published studies of postwar urban Indian institutions and identities, see S. A. Krouse, “Kinship and Identity: Mixed Bloods in Urban Indian Communities,”
American Indian Culture and Research Journal
23, no. 2 (1999): 73–89; Edmund Danziger,
Survival and Regeneration: Detroit's American Indian Community
(Detroit: Wayne State University, 1991); Joan Weibel-Orlando,
Indian Country, L.A.: Maintaining Ethnic Community in Complex Society
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991); Deborah Davis Jackson,
Our Elders Lived It: American Indian Identity in the City
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002); Nicholas Rosenthal, “Repositioning Indianness: Native American Organizations in Portland, Oregon, 1959–1975,”
Pacific Historical Review
71, no. 3 (2002): 415–38; Nancy Shoemaker, “Urban Indians
and Ethnic Choices: American Indian Organizations in Minneapolis, 1920–1950,”
Western Historical Quarterly
19, no. 4 (1988): 431–47; and especially
American Indian Culture and Research Journal
22, no. 4 (1998), a special issue devoted to urban Indian identity and literature. For Seattle-based studies, see Howard M. Bahr, Bruce A. Chadwick, and Joseph H. Stauss, “Discrimination against Urban Indians in Seattle,”
Indian Historian
5, no. 4 (1972): 4–11; Bruce A. Chadwick and Joseph H. Stauss, “The Assimilation of American Indians into Urban Society: The Seattle Case,”
Human Organization
34, no. 4 (1975): 359–69; Bruce A. Chadwick, Joseph Stauss, Howard M. Bahr, and Lowell K. Halverson, “Confrontation with the Law: The Case of the American Indians in Seattle,”
Phylon
37, no. 2 (1976): 163–71; Larry E. Williams, Bruce A. Chadwick, and Howard M. Bahr, “Antecedents of Self-Reported Arrest for Indian Americans in Seattle,”
Phylon
40, no. 3 (1979): 243–52; Jonathan R. Sugarman and David C. Grossman, “Trauma among American Indians in an Urban Community,”
Public Health Reports
111, no. 4 (1996): 321–28; Maria Aurora Holloway, “Illness Perception and Knowledge among Seattle Urban Indians” (M.Nur. thesis, University of Washington, 1974); and John Zoltan Bolyai, “The Seattle Diphtheria Epidemic of 1972–1973 and Its Relationship to Diphtheria among North American Native Americans” (M.P.H. thesis, University of Washington, 1974).

15.
James P. Ronda, “Coboway's Tale: A Story of Power and Places along the Columbia,” in
Power and Place in the North American West
, ed. John M. Findlay and Richard White (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), 3.

16.
R. Cole Harris, “How Did Colonialism Dispossess? Comments from an Edge of Empire,”
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
94, no. 1 (2004): 165–82.

17.
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace,
Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), xiv–xvi.

18.
Greg Dening,
Islands and Beaches: Discourse on a Silent Land, Marquesas, 1774–1880
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1980), 3; Colleen J. McElroy, “To the Crow Perched on Chief Sealth's Fingertips,” in
Traveling Music: Poems
(Ashland, OR: Story Line Press, 1998), 56.

2 /
Terra Miscognita

1.
Sophie Frye Bass,
Pigtail Days in Old Seattle
(Portland, OR: Metropolitan Press, 1937), 13; Murray Morgan,
Skid Road: An Informal Portrait of Seattle
(New York: Viking Press, 1951), 24.

2.
Stephen Jay Gould, “The Creation Myths of Cooperstown,” in
Bully for
Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History,
by Stephen Jay Gould (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 48.

3.
For further analysis of the diorama, see Coll-Peter Thrush, “Creation Stories: Rethinking the Founding of Seattle,” in
More Voices, New Stories: King County, Washington's First 150 Years
, ed. Mary C. Wright (Seattle: Pacific Northwest Historians Guild, 2002), 34–49.

4.
Welford Beaton,
The City That Made Itself: A Literary and Pictorial Record of the Building of Seattle
(Seattle: Terminal Publishing Co., 1914), 19; George F. Cotterill,
Climax of a World Quest: The Story of Puget Sound, the Modern Mediterranean of the Pacific
(Seattle: Olympic Publishing Co., 1928). For one of the best examinations of the “vanishing Indian” narrative in American culture and history (and for its role in shaping federal Indian policy), see Brian W. Dippie,
The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1982).

5.
Jacob Wahalchoo's story is recounted in Jay Miller,
Lushootseed Culture and the Shamanic Odyssey: An Anchored Radiance
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999), 11–12.

6.
Paul Carter,
The Road to Botany Bay: An Exploration of Landscape and History
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), xxiv. Carter draws upon the formulation crafted by geographer Yi-Fu Tuan in
Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977), in which Tuan distinguishes space—undifferentiated, abstract, untrammeled by experience—from place, which is specific, local, and shaped by lived experience. See also Daniel W. Clayton,
Islands of Truth: The Imperial Fashioning of Vancouver Island
(Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2000).

7.
For information on Clear Water, see Clarence B. Bagley, “Chief Seattle and Angeline,”
Washington Historical Quarterly
22, no. 4 (1931): 243–75. For discussions of indigenous towns in Puget Sound, see Jay Miller,
Lushootseed Culture
, 10.

8.
Marian Smith,
Puyallup-Nisqually
, 17; and Wayne M. Suttles, “Persistence of Intervillage Ties among the Coast Salish,” in
Coast Salish Essays,
by Wayne M. Suttles (Seattle: University of Washington Press; Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1987), 209–30.

9.
Edmond S. Meany, ed.,
Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound
(New York: Macmillan, 1907), 105, 108, 124. For analysis of the notion of “people without history,” see Eric R. Wolf,
Europe and People without History
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982). For the most comprehensive study of epidemics on the Northwest Coast, see Robert Boyd,
The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).

10.
For a summary of archaeological information for the region, including material drawn from at least one site in Seattle, see Charles M. Nelson, “Prehistory
of the Puget Sound Region,” in
Handbook of North American Indians,
ed. William C. Sturtevant, vol. 7
, Northwest Coast,
ed. Wayne Suttles (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1990), 481–84. For linguistic evidence, see Wayne M. Suttles, “Northwest Coast Linguistic History—a View from the Coast,” in
Coast Salish Essays,
265–81. For stories of the Changer, see Arthur C. Ballard's collections
Some Tales of the Southern Puget Sound Salish
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1927) and
Mythology of Southern Puget Sound
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1929). For prehistoric natural disasters, see Arthur Kruckeberg,
A Natural History of Puget Sound Country
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991); and Lynn L. Larson and Dennis E. Lewarch, eds.,
The Archaeology of West Point, Seattle, Washington: 4,000 Years of Hunter-Fisher-Gatherer Land Use in Southern Puget Sound
(Seattle: Larson Anthropological/Archaeological Services, 1995). For the words arising from
dookw
, see Dawn Bates, Thom Hess, and Vi Hilbert,
Lushootseed Dictionary
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 84–85.

11.
Charles Wilkes,
Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842
(New York: G. P. Putnam, 1844), vol. 4, 483; and Edmond S. Meany, ed., “Diary of Wilkes in the Northwest,”
Washington Historical Quarterly
17 (1926): 139.

12.
Meany, “Diary of Wilkes in the Northwest,” 137–40. For accounts of epidemics in the 1830s and 1840s, see Boyd,
Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence
, 155, 267. For discussion of the Ex. Ex., see Nathaniel Philbrick,
Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842
(New York: Viking, 2003). For Fort Nisqually, see Cecelia Svinth Carpenter,
Fort Nisqually: A Documented History of Indian and British Interaction
(Tacoma, WA: Tahoma Research Services, 1986), and William Fraser Tolmie,
The Journals of William Fraser Tolmie: Physician and Fur Trader
(Vancouver: Mitchell Press, 1963), 216.

13.
Samuel Hancock,
The Narrative of Samuel Hancock, 1845–1860
(New York: R. M. McBride and Co., 1927), 94–95.

14.
Arthur Armstrong Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
(Seattle: C. B. Bagley, Printer, 1888), 9–10; and undated George Brock obituary, Scrapbook 21, p. 7, Oregon Historical Society, Portland.

15.
Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 10–12; Andrew Jackson Chambers,
Recollections
(n.p., 1947), 28–29; Thomas W. Prosch,
Chronological History of Seattle from 1850 to 1897
(Seattle: n.p., 1900), 24; Watt,
Four Wagons West
, 28–29; Frank Carlson, “Chief Sealth” (M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1903), 26; and Emily Inez Denny,
Blazing the Way; or, True Stories, Songs, and Sketches of Puget Sound and Other Pioneers
(Seattle: Rainier Printing Co., 1909), 43.

16.
Marian W. Smith, “Petroglyph Complexes in the History of the Columbia-Fraser Region,”
Southwest Journal of Anthropology
2, no. 3 (1946): 315; Roger Sale,
Seattle, Past to Present
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), 12; Arthur
Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 10–12; and Thomas Talbot Waterman,
Puget Sound Geography
, ed. Vi Hilbert, Jay Miller, and Zalmai Zahir (Seattle: Lushootseed Press, 2001), 119–27.

17.
Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 22–24; Watt,
Four Wagons West
, 30–32; and Emily Denny,
Blazing the Way
, 47–48.

18.
Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 10–12; Emily Denny,
Blazing the Way
, 49; and Archie Binns,
Northwest Gateway: The Story of the Port of Seattle
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, and Co., 1941), 32–41.

19.
Stuart M. Blumin, “Explaining the New Metropolis: Perception, Depiction, and Analysis in Mid–Nineteenth Century New York,”
Journal of Urban History
11, no. 1 (1984): 9–38; Burrows and Wallace,
Gotham
, 649–841.

20.
For accounts of Knox County during this time, see Albert J. Perry,
History of Knox County, Illinois: Its Cities, Towns, and People
(Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1912), 419–23, 447–49; and James E. Davis,
Frontier Illinois
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 331–33. For the Denny family's history in the area, see Arthur Armstrong Denny, “Reminiscences,” Bancroft Collection, 5–8; and Sale,
Seattle, Past to Present
, 8–9, 17.

21.
Albert Perry,
History of Knox County
, 5, 44; Richard White,
The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); J. Joseph Bauxar, “History of the Illinois Area,” and Charles Callender, “Illinois,” in
Handbook of North American Indians,
ed. William C. Sturtevant, vol. 15,
Northeast
, ed. Bruce G. Trigger (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1978), 594–601, 673–80.

22.
Albert Perry,
History of Knox County
, 43–44, 447; Charles C. Chapman,
History of Knox County, Illinois
(Chicago: Blakely, Brown, and Marsh, Printers, 1878), 185–87; Rodney O. Davis, “The Frontier State, 1818–48,” in
A Guide to the History of Illinois,
ed. John Hoffman (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 54; and Clarence B. Bagley,
History of Seattle from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time
, vol. 2 (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1916), 824, 875.