Native Seattle (46 page)

20.
Applications for Enrollment and Allotment of Washington Indians, 1911–19, NARA, microfilm M1343, roll 3; “Lake Union John, Aged 90, Buried,”
Seattle P-I
, 12 February 1910; and
Baist's Real Estate Atlas of Surveys of Seattle, Wash.
(Philadelphia: Baist, 1905), plate 14.

21.
“Chief Seattle's Nephew Billy Ruined by Gale,”
Seattle P-I
, 6 January 1910; “Fund Is Started for Indian Billy,”
Seattle P-I
, 7 January 1910; “Help Comes for Old Indian Billy,”
Seattle P-I
, 8 January 1910; Thompson, “Original Residents of Shilshole Bay,” 15.

22.
“Siwashes Again Seek the Streets,”
Seattle P-I
, 31 May 1904; “Squaw Comes to Meet Mrs. Leary,”
Seattle P-I
, 12 November 1907; “Mary Seattle Is Badly Hurt,”
Seattle Times
, 15 April 1906; “Our Citizens of Yesterday,”
Seattle Argus
, 22 December 1900; and Abbie Denny-Lindsley, “When Seattle Was an Indian Camp Forty-five Years Ago,”
Seattle P-I
, 15 April 1906.

23.
Waterman, “Geographical Names”; Edmond S. Meany Papers, MSCUA; Calhoun, Denny, and Ewing advertisement,
Seattle P-I
, 23 May 1909; “Thousand at Opening of the Licton Plat,”
Seattle P-I
, 23 May 1909.

24.
Don Sherwood, “Interpretive Essay: Licton Springs,” Don Sherwood Collection, MSCUA; Paul Burch, “The Story of Licton Springs,”
The Westerner
9, no. 4 (1908): 19, 34.

25.
Carl Abbott, “Footprints and Pathways: The Urban Imprint on the Pacific Northwest,” in
Northwest Lands, Northwest Peoples: Readings in Environmental History
, ed. Dale D. Goble and Paul W. Hirt (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), 113.

26.
The finest treatment of Seattle's environmental history is Matthew W. Klingle, “Urban by Nature: An Environmental History of Seattle, 1880–1970” (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 2001). See also Mike Sato,
The Price of Taming a River: The Decline of Puget Sound's Duwamish/Green Waterway
(Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1997); Dick Paetze,
Pioneers and Partnerships: A History of the Port of Seattle
(Seattle: Port of Seattle, 1995); and Paul Dorpat and Genevieve McCoy,
Building Washington: A History of Washington State's Public Works
(Seattle: Tartu Publications, 1998).

27.
Reginald Heber Thomson, with Grant H. Redford,
That Man Thomson
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1950), 106–8; and Hiram M. Chittenden, “Sentiment versus Utility in the Treatment of National Scenery,”
Pacific Monthly
23 (January 1910): 29–38.

28.
Leonie Sandercock,
Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multicultural Cities
(Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley and Sons, 1998); Rose Simmons, “Old Angeline, the Princess of Seattle,”
Overland Monthly
20 (November 1892): 506.

29.
Waterman, “Geographical Names,” 476; M. J. Carter, “Lake Washington's New Beach Line,”
Seattle Town Crier
, 14 April 1917.

30.
Quoted in Sato,
Price of Taming a River
, 57; Meany, “Story of Seattle's Nearest Indian Neighbors,”
Seattle P-I
, 29 October 1905.

31.
Thomas Talbot Waterman,
Notes on the Ethnology of the Indians of Puget Sound
(New York: Heye Foundation, 1973), x.

32.
Harrington,
Papers,
frames 344, 392, 409–12; Waterman,
Puget Sound Geography
, 23–34; and Ballard,
Mythology of Southern Puget Sound
, 35–41.

33.
Interview with Art Williams by Lynn Larson, 3 May 1994, Alki/Transfer CSO Facilities Project Traditional Cultural Properties, MIT.

34.
Ibid.; Cesare Marino, “History of Western Washington since 1846,” in Suttles, ed.,
Handbook of North American Indians,
175;
Duwamish et al. vs. United States
, 701; Charles M. Buchanan, “The Rights of the Puget Sound Indians to Game and Fish,”
Washington Historical Quarterly
6, no. 2 (1916): 109–18; Bass,
Pigtail Days in Old Seattle
, 16; and Bass,
When Seattle Was a Village
, 118–19.

35.
Wandrey,
Four Bridges to Seattle
, 154; Harrington,
Papers
, frame 344; Marian Smith, “Petroglyph Complexes,” 315.

36.
Harrington,
Papers
, frames 409–12; Don Sherwood, “Interpretive Essay: Alki Playground,” Don Sherwood Collection, MSCUA.

37.
Warren Snyder,
Southern Puget Sound Salish: Texts, Place Names, and Dictionary
(Sacramento: Sacramento Anthropological Society, 1968), 117–19; Patricia Slettvet Noel,
Muckleshoot Indian History
(Auburn, WA: Auburn School District, 1980); June M. Collins, “John Fornsby: The Personal Document of a Coast Salish Indian,” in
Indians of the Urban Northwest
, ed. Marian W. Smith (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949); Russel Barsh, “Puget Sound Indian Demography, 1900–1920: Migration and Economic Integration,”
Ethnohistory
43 (1996): 65–97; and Webster and Stevens photograph, ca. 1911, of Suquamish tribal members waiting on Colman Dock after attempting to obtain land payments in Seattle, MOHAI 83.10.7,723.

38.
Interview with Florence Wynn by Lynn Larson, 15 June 1994, Alki/ Transfer CSO Facilities Project Traditional Cultural Properties, MIT; “Great-Granddaughter of Seattle Is Hostess at Her Home in Suquamish,”
Seattle Times
, 29 November 1931; and Waterman, “Geographical Names,” 188.

39.
Marian Smith,
Puyallup-Nisqually
, 54.

40.
Waterman, “Geographical Names,” 188; Waterman,
Puget Sound Geography
, 23; Gedosch, “Note on the Dogfish Oil Industry”; and interview with Ollie Wilbur by Lynn Larson, 26 May 1994, Alki/Transfer CSO Facilities Project Traditional Cultural Properties, MIT.

41.
Chittenden, “Sentiment versus Utility,” 31; Marian Smith,
Puyallup-Nisqually
, 29.

6 / The Woven Coast

1.
For descriptions of Seattle in 1900, see James R. Warren, “A Century of Business,”
Puget Sound Business Journal
, 17 September 1999; and Richard C. Berner,
Seattle, 1900–1920: From Boomtown, Urban Turbulence, to Restoration
(Seattle: Charles Press, 1991). For the origins of Ballast Island, see J. Willis Sayre,
This City of Ours
(Seattle: Seattle School District, 1936), 69.

2.
Manuscript of the twelfth census of the United States, NARA.

3.
Viola Garfield,
Seattle's Totem Poles
(Bellevue, WA: Thistle Press, 1996), 9–31; undated handbill (probably 1900s) by Lowman and Hanford Co., MSCUA.

4.
“Hop Pickers,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 27 August 1878.

5.
Larson and Lewarch,
Archaeology of West Point,
10–12.

6.
Costello,
Siwash
, 120; Abbie Denny-Lindsley, “When Seattle Was an Indian Camp, Forty-five Years Ago,”
Seattle P-I
, 15 April 1906; Robert Galois, with Jay Powell and Gloria Cranmer Webster,
Kwakwaka'wakw Settlements, 1750–1920: A Geographical Gazetteer
(Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1994)
,
55; “The Northern Indians,”
Olympia Pioneer and Democrat
, 17 October 1856; and “Indian Difficulty on the Reserve,”
Olympia Pioneer and Democrat
, 12 December 1856. See also Mike Vouri, “Raiders from the North: The Northern Indians and Northwest Washington in the 1850s,”
Columbia
11, no. 3 (1997): 24–35; and Lutz, “Inventing an Indian War.”

7.
For British Columbia Indians’ participation in the hops industry, see John Lutz, “Work, Sex, and Death on the Great Thoroughfare: Annual Migrations of ‘Canadian Indians’ to the American Pacific Northwest,” in
Parallel Destinies: Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies,
ed. John M. Findlay and Ken Coates (Toronto: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002), 80–103. For an excellent analysis of these migrations and their implications for Native identities (and perceptions of those identities), see Paige Raibmon,
Authentic Indians: Episodes of Encounter from the Late-Nineteenth-Century Northwest Coast
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005).

8.
“Hop Pickers,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 30 August 1879;
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 16 October 1876; and “Hop Picking,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 4 September 1878.

9.
Norman Kenny Luxton,
Tilikum: Luxton's Pacific Crossing
(Sidney, BC: Gray's Publishing, 1971), 40; Jacobs,
Memoirs,
161; Ruth Kirk,
Tradition and Change on the Northwest Coast: The Makah, Nuu-chah-nulth, Southern Kwakiutl, and Nuxalk
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986), 117.

10.
Annual Report of 1891
, 169, Department of Indian Affairs, BCA; Charles Nowell and Clellan J. Ford,
Smoke from Their Fires: The Life of a Kwakiutl Chief
(Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1941), 132–33;
Annual Report of 1906
, 255, Department
of Indian Affairs, BCA; and
Annual Report of 1887
, 105, Department of Indian Affairs, BCA.

11.
King County Death Records, Puget Sound Branch, Washington State Archives, Bellevue;
Annual Report of 1888
, 103, 114, Department of Indian Affairs, BCA; and
Annual Report of 1891
, 118, Department of Indian Affairs, BCA.

12.
Nora Marks Dauenhauer, Haa Kusteyí,
Our Culture: Tlingit Life Stories
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), 13, 289–95; Thomas Fox Thornton, “Place and Being among the Tlingit” (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1995); and Walter R. Goldschmidt, Haa Aaní,
Our Land: Tlingit and Haida Land Rights and Use
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998).

13.
Undated letter (1887?) from Daniel Quedessa to Kenneth G. Smith, Kenneth G. Smith Papers, MSCUA;
Annual Report of 1884
, 100, Department of Indian Affairs, BCA;
Annual Report of 1891
, xxxi, Department of Indian Affairs, BCA.

14.
Arthur Wellington Clah, Diary, 1859–1909, entry for 31 August 1899, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa; Philip Drucker,
The Northern and Central Nootkan Tribes
, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 144 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1951), 13–14.

15.
Charles Moser,
Reminiscences of the West Coast of Vancouver Island
(Victoria: Acme Press, 1926), 143; Colonel John W. Foulkes, “Jesus Will Save an Irishman,” in
American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1940
(Washington: Library of Congress, 1998); Elizabeth Colson,
The Makah Indians: A Study of an Indian Tribe in Modern American Society
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1953), 159–67; and Daniel Quedessa to Kenneth G. Smith, 1 November 1915, Kenneth G. Smith Papers, MSCUA.

16.
Warren Snyder,
Southern Puget Sound Salish,
107; interview with Art Williams by Lynn Larson, 3 May 1994, Alki/Transfer CSO Facilities Project Traditional Cultural Properties, MIT.

17.
Garfield,
Seattle's Totem Poles,
9. For the role of totem and mortuary poles in traditional Tlingit society, see George Thornton Emmons and Frederica de Laguna,
The Tlingit Indians
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991), 193–96.

18.
There have been many accounts—often differing—of this event. For a balanced synthesis of the various versions, see Garfield,
Seattle's Totem Poles
.

19.
William J. Lampton, “The Totem Pole,”
Seattle P-I
, 3 September 1899.

20.
Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 205–6; and Ted C. Hinckley,
The Americanization of Alaska, 1867–1897
(Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books, 1972). See also Kathryn Morse,
The Nature of Gold: An Environmental History of the Klondike Gold Rush
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003).

21.
Douglas Cole,
Captured Heritage: The Scramble for Northwest Coast Artifacts
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985); Ted C. Hinckley, “The Inside Passage: A Popular Gilded Age Tour,”
Pacific Northwest Quarterly
56, no. 2 (1965): 67–74;
Alaska: “Our Frontier Wonderland”
(Seattle: Alaska Bureau, Seattle Chamber of
Commerce, 1915); John Muir,
Travels in Alaska
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1915), 276; and Kate C. Duncan,
1001 Curious Things: Ye Olde Curiosity Shop and Native American Art
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000), 175–81. See also Raibmon,
Authentic Indians
, for discussion of the “curio” trade.