Native Seattle (47 page)

22.
John R. Swanton, “Explanation of the Seattle Totem Pole,”
Journal of American Folklore
11 (1905): 108–10; postcard from C. H. Ober to Myra H. Ober, dated 10 January 1901, Postcard Collection, MSCUA; and Agnes Lockhart Hughes, “Totem Poles,”
Seattle Patriarch
, 16 November 1907. For examples of urban imperial identities from the European context, see Felix Driver and David Gilbert, eds.,
Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display, and Identity
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999).

23.
This story has been recounted a number of times in various local books and newspapers. See, e.g., E. G. Blaine, “The Famous Totem Pole of Seattle: How It Was Procured, and the Fun It Caused,”
Northwest Magazine
20, no. 6 (1902): 1–2; and Eleanor Shaw, “The Case of the ‘Stolen’ Totem,”
Seattle P-I
, 15 February 1974.

24.
A.-Y.-P. News
, 7 July 1906; “A.-Y.-P. Vividly Portrays the Redman,”
Seattle Times
, 29 August 1909; “E. S. Curtis Here to Handle Exhibit,”
Seattle Times
, 28 May 1909; and “Five-Foot Board Hewn by an Indian to Be Exhibited,”
Seattle P-I
, 2 May 1909.

25.
“Space Is Needed on Pay Streak,”
Seattle P-I
, 21 March 1909; “Eskimos Come Out to Exhibit at 1909 Fair,”
Seattle P-I
, 19 September 1908; “Columbia, Eskimo Belle, Will Hold Receptions,”
Seattle Times
, 29 August 1909; “Eskimo Colony for the AYP to Catch Fish in Hood Canal All Winter,”
Seattle Times
, 4 October 1908; “Shows Stages of Indians' Progress,”
Seattle P-I
, 24 August 1909; and “Two Performers with Cheyenne Bill's Show,”
Seattle Times,
14 July 1909. For the racial and imperial narratives of world's fairs, see Robert W. Rydell,
All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984).

26.
“Eskimo Deserts Reindeer at Fair,”
Seattle Times
, 13 June 1909; L. G. Moses,
Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians
(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996); “Miss Columbia Wins Contest,”
Seattle P-I
, 19 August 1909; and “Three Famous Brothers in Alaska Indian Tribe,”
Seattle Times
, 10 October 1909.

27.
“Neah Bay Indians Seek Whale Contract,”
Seattle Times
, 1 August 1909; “Johns Challenges Taholah,”
Seattle Times
, 18 April 1909; “A.-Y.-P. Vividly Portrays the Redman,”
Seattle Times,
29 August 1909; and Harmon,
Indians in the Making,
152.

28.
Peter Murray,
The Devil and Mr. Duncan
(Victoria: Sono Nis Press, 1985); Michael E. Jarboe, “Education in the New Metlakatla, Alaska Mission Settlement” (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1983); John A. Dunn and Arnold Booth,
“Tsimshian of Metlakatla, Alaska,” in Suttles, ed.,
Handbook of North American Indians
, 294–97; Jean Usher,
William Duncan of Metlakatla: A Victorian Missionary in British Columbia
(Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1974); “Alaska Women Prepare Exhibit,”
Seattle P-I
, 13 May 1909; “Red Men's Band to Play at Fair,”
Seattle P-I
, 6 September 1909; and Jay Miller and Carol M. Eastman,
The Tsimshian and Their Neighbors of the North Pacific Coast
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1984).

29.
“Red Men Revel in Real Races,”
Seattle Times
, 7 September 1909; “Painted Warriors at Fair,”
Seattle Times
, 16 July 1909; and “Sioux Greets Red Brother at AYPE,”
Seattle Star
, 16 July 1909.

30.
“Indian Life on Seattle Streets,”
Seattle P-I
, 10 December 1905; Nina Alberta Arndt, “Seeing Seattle: The Metropolis of the Great Northwest,”
Overland Monthly
, 2d ser., 52 (1908): 68; “Indians Returning from Hop Fields,”
Seattle P-I
, 1 October 1906; and
Annual Report for 1906
, 255, Department of Indian Affairs, BCA.

31.
“Indian Life on Seattle Streets,”
Seattle P-I
, 10 December 1905.

32.
“Indian Baskets, Rare Works of Art by Aborigines of Washington and Alaska,”
Seattle P-I
, 22 July 1900; Robert C. Nesbit,
“He Built Seattle”: A Biography of Judge Thomas Burke
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1961)
,
407; and Helen Elizabeth Vogt,
Charlie Frye and His Times
(Seattle: Peanut Butter Publishing, 1997), 71. See also Ruth B. Phillips,
Trading Identities: The Souvenir in Native North American Art, 1700–1900
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998); and Shepard Krech III and Barbara A. Hail, eds.,
Collecting Native America, 1870–1960
(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999).

33.
Edward Sapir,
Nootka Texts
(Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America, 1939); J. V. Powell,
Quileute Dictionary
(Moscow: University of Idaho, 1976); Timothy Montler, “Saanich, North Straits Salish” (M.A. thesis, University of Victoria, 1968); David M. Grubb,
A Practical Writing System and Short Dictionary of Kwakw'ala
(Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, 1977); and Gillian L. Story,
Tlingit Verb Dictionary
(Fairbanks: University of Alaska Native Language Center, 1973).

7 / The Changers, Changed

1.
For an overview of the life of Seeathl, see Furtwangler,
Answering Chief Seattle
. For a highly melodramatic account of his funeral, see C. M. Scammon, “Old Seattle and His Tribe,”
Overland Monthly
4, no. 4 (April 1870): 297–302.

2.
“To Honor Memory of Old Chief Seattle,”
Seattle Times
, 25 August 1911; “Service at Grave of Seattle Prove [
sic
] Most Enthusiastic,”
Seattle Times
, 27 August 1911; “Fund Started in Memory of Chief Seattle,”
Seattle P-I
, 26 January 1938; and “Chief Seattle Memorial,”
Seattle P-I
, 25 May 1938.

3.
Edmond S. Meany, “At Chief Seattle's Grave,” printed in University of Washington
Daily
for Junior Day, 12 May 1911, Chief Seattle pamphlet file, MSCUA.

4.
Florence Reynolds,
Chief Seattle: The Rugged Old Indian after Whom the Metropolis of the Northwest Was Named
(n.p., 1922), Chief Seattle pamphlet file, MSCUA; T. M. Crepar,
Legend of Seattle and Suquamish
(Seattle: Grettner-Diers Printing Co., 1928), Chief Seattle pamphlet file, MSCUA.

5.
“Hyas Tyee Comes to Reign over Carnival Crowds of Seattle,”
Seattle Times
, 17 July 1912.

6.
“Potlatch President Greeting Hyas Tyee,”
Seattle Times
, 18 July 1912; “Hyas Tyee Comes to Reign over Carnival Crowds of Seattle,”
Seattle Times
, 17 July 1912; and “Riches and Glory of North Shown in Great Parade,”
Seattle P-I
, 18 July 1912.

7.
Stephen V. Ward,
Selling Places: The Marketing and Promotion of Towns and Cities, 1850–2000
(London: Routledge, 1998), esp. 9–28; Potlatch brochure, 1912, Edmond S. Meany Papers, box 20, folder 7, MSCUA.

8.
Kathleen Mooney, “Social Distance and Exchange: The Coast Salish Case,”
Ethnology
15, no. 4 (1976): 323–46; Jay Miller,
Lushootseed Culture,
27; Waterman,
Notes on the Ethnology of the Indians of Puget Sound
, 76–78; and Shelton,
Gram Ruth Sehome Shelton,
1–5.

9.
Douglas Cole and Ira Chaikin,
An Iron Hand upon the People: The Law against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast
(Toronto: Douglas and McIntyre, 1990); Christopher Bracken,
The Potlatch Papers: A Colonial Case History
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).

10.
“Portland Heralded Golden Age of City,”
Seattle Times
, 19 July 1911; Potlatch brochure, 1912; Puget Sound Traction, Light, and Power Company advertisement,
Seattle P-I
, 20 July 1912; “Chinook Chorus High Honor to Tyee,”
Seattle Times
, 20 July 1912; “Liner Potlatch to be Launched Tomorrow,”
Seattle Times
, 17 July 1912; “Tomorrow's Potlatch Program,”
Seattle Times
, 16 July 1912; and “Tyee, Plain Citizen Again, Regrets Swift Passing of His Reign,”
Seattle Times
, 21 July 1912.

11.
Cheasty's Haberdashery advertisement,
Seattle P-I
, 15 July 1912; “Tilikums and Alaska Day Pageant,”
Seattle Times
, 17 July 1912; “War Canoe and Its Crew Score Big Hit,”
Seattle Times
, 18 July 1912; and “Personnel of the Tilikums,”
Seattle Times
, 21 July 1912.

12.
“Ikht Tribe Wins Tilikums' Fight for Membership,”
Seattle P-I
, 28 May 1913; postcard dated 27 March 1917, Postcard Collection, MSCUA. For other groups whose rituals involved impersonating Native people, see Philip J. Deloria,
Playing Indian
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).

13.
“Potlatch President Greeting Hyas Tyee,”
Seattle Times
, 18 July 1912; “Hyas Tyee Comes to Reign over Carnival Crowds of Seattle,”
Seattle Times
, 17 July 1912; and “Riches and Glory of North Shown in Great Parade,”
Seattle P-I
, 18 July 1912.

14.
“I.W.W. Denounced by Head of Navy, Attack Soldiers and Sailors,”
Seattle Times
, 18 July 1913; “Three Soldiers Assaulted by Mob, Saved by Police,”
Seattle P-I
,
18 July 1913; “Anarchy in Seattle Stamped Out When Sailors Get Busy,”
Seattle Times
, 19 July 1913; “1914 Potlatch Starts with Key Ceremony,”
Seattle Times
, 15 July 1914; and “Tilikums, New, Old, to Discuss Potlatch Plans,”
Seattle Times
, 19 August 1934.

15.
“Descendants of Pioneers Celebrate,”
Seattle P-I
, 13 November 1938.

16.
Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 214; “Roll of Pioneers,”
Seattle Times
or
P-I
, undated clipping (but likely 1893), Clarence B. Bagley Scrapbooks, vol. 1, 143, MSCUA.

17.
Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 3, 76–77; Denny narrative, Bancroft Collection; and “The City's Birthday,”
Seattle P-I
, 13 May 1893.

18.
Major J. Thomas Turner, “Reminiscences, 7 September 1914,” MOHAI MS Collection, folder 106; Charles A. Kinnear, “Arrival of the George Kinnear Family on Puget Sound, and Early Recollections by C. A. Kinnear, One of the Children,” n.d., MOHAI MS Collection; and Redfield,
Seattle Memories
, frontispiece.

19.
Henry's poems can be found in Charles Prosch,
Reminiscences
, 126–28.

20.
“The Pioneers,”
Seattle Patriarch
, 7 June 1913; David M. Wrobel,
Promised Lands: Promotion, Memory, and the Creation of the American West
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002).

21.
Emily Denny,
Blazing the Way
, 114–15, 141–42; Emily Inez Denny, “Chapter 13—Miss Denny's Chapter,” n.d., MOHAI MS Collection, folder 271.

22.
Bass,
Pigtail Days in Old Seattle
, 46, 84; Bass,
When Seattle Was a Village
, 117–18; and Watt,
Four Wagons West
, 377.

23.
Emily Denny,
Blazing the Way
, 381. This kind of analysis of local pioneer-newcomer conflicts was first explored by Alexandra Harmon in
Indians in the Making
, esp. 145–47.

24.
For an overview of Meany's life and work, see George A. Frykman,
Seattle's Historian and Promoter: The Life of Edmond Stephen Meany
(Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1998). For examples of Meany's documentation of local Indians, see “The Last Lake Union Indians,”
Seattle Times
, 11 June 1898; and “The Story of Seattle's Nearest Indian Neighbors,”
Seattle P-I
, 29 October 1905. For numerous examples of his participation in high school pageants, Potlatches, the AYPE, and “Indian” naming, see Meany's extensive correspondence files in his collected papers at the University of Washington.

25.
“Address by Judge C. H. Hanford on the occasion of unveiling historical tablet at the foot of Cherry St., Seattle, November 13 1905,” MOHAI MS Collection, folder 298; Hanford,
Seattle and Environs
, 23.

26.
David Kellogg to Vivian Carkeek, ca. 1912, MOHAI MS Collection, folder 116; “75 Candles on Cake Will Tell Seattle's Age,”
Seattle P-I
, 13 November 1926; and David Kellogg, “The Making of a Medicine Man,” 20 May 1912, MOHAI MS Collection, folder 116.

27.
Abbie Denny-Lindsley, “When Seattle Was an Indian Camp Forty-five Years Ago,”
Seattle P-I
, 15 April 1906; W. T. Dovell, “The Pathfinders,”
Washington
Historical Quarterly
1, no. 1 (1906): 47; and “Pioneers Honor City's Founders at West Seattle,”
Seattle Times
, 16 November 1938.