Odysseus in America (56 page)

¹²
Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, “Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange,” in
The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture,
ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 163-228.

¹³
The connection between human brain size and the long period of post-natal helplessness apparently lies in the design constraints of the female pelvis. To give passage to a baby with a fully developed brain at birth would require an unworkably large pelvis. The evolutionary compromise was to push birth earlier in the developmental process, and allow the brain to mature in prolonged—and dangerously dependant—post-natal development.

¹⁴
Martha Nussbaum's new and major philosophic work,
Upheavals of Thought,
makes interesting and extensive use of child psychoanalysts, such as the still wise and fresh D. H. Winnicott. However, the psychoanalytic movement essentially followed Freud in adopting the Platonic, Stoic, and Kantian position that once good character was formed by good birth and good breeding, no bad thing in adulthood could shake it. The climactic chapter of Nussbaum's
The Fragility of Goodness,
“The Betrayal of Convention: A Reading of Euripides' Hecuba,” made exactly the point that bad-enough experience
in adulthood
can wreck even the noblest character. Unfortunately this is never mentioned in
Upheavals of Thought,
and a reader could readily come away from the book with the Platonic/Stoic/Kantian no-bad-thing-can-harm-adult-good-character idea unchallenged.

¹⁵
Fukuyama,
The End of History and the Last Man,
especially Part Three and Chapter 26. Immanuel Kant's important essays “To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch” and “Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Intent” have been collected with other essays in
Perpetual Peace and Other Essays.

¹⁶
Amsterdam: Gieben, 1992.

¹⁷
William Julius Wilson,
When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).

¹⁸
Harvard Magazine,
September-October 1998.

¹⁹
Found in detail in Jane Goodall,
The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), pp. 488-534, particularly pp. 503-14.

²⁰
As Fukuyama and others have pointed out, the modern attempts to carry out Kant's program never followed his advice. While tipping their hats to Kant's prestige, both the League of Nations and the United Nations extended the principle of sovereign honor to all nations that met the least-common-denominator criteria for statehood—regardless of how they stood internally with their inhabitants. History gives us no warrant to think there is something inherently peaceful about democracies per se. Ancient Athenian democracy was a dismal example: Athens's foreign policy reminded its enemies and even Athenians themselves of tyranny. Athens's most famous leaders, Pericles and Cleon, freely admitted that Athens was a tyrant to its neighbors. It is a humbling caution to notice how many nations in history have overthrown internal tyrannies only to play tyrant to their neighbors.

²¹
And when such nonstate actors have the resources to buy out failed states and turn them into wholly owned subsidiaries, as al-Qaeda did with Afghanistan. We have learned at a bitter price that failed states anywhere in the world cannot safely be treated as a matter of indifference.

¹
Any defects in this film synopsis presentation of the
Odyssey
belong entirely to me. Whatever strengths it has are owed to Stephen V. Tracy's
The Story of the Odyssey
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).

¹
I have no financial relationship of any kind with Patience Mason or Patience Press.

¹
Personal communication.

²
Handout from
Secretary of the Navy's Guest Lecture,
“Achilles, Odysseus, Agamemnon: Homer on Military Leadership.” Thanks to John Tillson of the Institute for Defense Analyses. A number of these points are documented in his IDA Document D-2290, “Reducing the Impact of Tempo,” October 30,1999.

³
Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 2002.

⁴
Excerpted from handout for J. Shay, “Causing Change,” RAND Seminar Series,
Military Personnel Policy,
commissioned by VADM Pat Tracey, USN, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Personnel Policy, November 30, 1999.

Ahl, Frederick, and Hanna Roisman.
The Odyssey Re-Formed.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.

Ambrose, Stephen E.
Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army from the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany, June 7, 1944-May 7, 1945.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

American Psychiatric Association.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
4th ed. (DSM-IV). Washington: American Psychiatric Association Press, 1994.

Ancharoff, Michelle R., James F. Munroe, and Lisa M. Fisher. “The Legacy of Combat Trauma: Clinical Implications of Intergenerational Transmission.” In Yael Danieli, ed., International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. New York: Plenum, 1998.

Arhaug, P., L. Weisaeth, L. Mehlum, and S. Larsen.
The UNIFIL Study 1991-1992, Report: I. Results and Recommendations.
Oslo: HQ Defense Command Norway, Joint Medical Service, 1993.

Aristotle.
Nicomachean Ethics.
Trans. Terence Irwin. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1985.

-----.
On Rhetoric.
Trans. George A. Kennedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Athens, Lonnie H.
The Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.

Australian Department of Veterans Affairs.
Mortality of Vietnam Veterans—The Veteran Cohort Study 1997.
Online: www.dva.gov.au/media/publicat/mortal1.htm.

Beam, T. E., A. E. Hartle, E. D. Pellegrino, and L. R. Sparacino, eds.
Military Medical Ethics,
vol. 1. In Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington: Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of the Army and Borden Institute, 2002. In press.

Bellamy, Ronald R, and Russ Zajtchuk, eds.
Conventional Warfare: Ballistic, Blast, and Burn Injuries.
This volume is Surgeon General of the U.S. Army, Textbook of Military Medicine, part 1, vol. 5. Washington: Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1990.

Betts, Richard K.
Military Readiness: Concepts, Choices, Consequences.
Washington: Brookings Institution, 1995.

-----.
Surprise Attack.
Washington: Brookings Institution, 1982.

Bourdieu, Pierre.
The Logic of Practice.
Trans. R. Nice. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980.

Bremner, J. Douglas, Steven M. Southwick, and Dennis S. Charney. “The Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Integration of Animal and Human Research.” In Philip A. Saigh and J. Douglas Bremner, eds. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Comprehensive Text. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

Bullman, T. A., and H. K. Kang. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Risk of Traumatic.”

Deaths Among Vietnam Veterans Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182:604-10 (1994).

Carey, Christopher. “Rhetorical Means of Persuasion.” In Amélie Oksenberg Rorty, ed. Essays on Aristotle's Rhetoric. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.

Chandler, Alfred D.
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977.

Clarke, Howard W.
The Art of the Odyssey.
Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 1989.

-----.
Homers Readers: A Historical Introduction to the
Iliad
and the Odyssey
. London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1981.

Clay, Jenny Strauss.
The Wrath of Athena: Gods and Men in the Odyssey.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.

Connor, W. R. “Civil Society, Dionysiac Festival, and the Athenian Democracy.” In J. Ober and C. Hedrick. Dēmokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

Constant, Benjamin.
Political Writings.
Trans. and ed., B. Fontana. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Cook, Erwin F. “‘Active' and ‘Passive' Heroics in the Odyssey.” Classical World 93(2): 149-67 (1999).

-----.
The Odyssey in Athens: Myths of Cultural Origin.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.Cosmides, Leda, and John Tooby. “Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange.” In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Crelinsten, Ronald D., and Alex P. Schmid, eds.
The Politics of Pain: Torturers and Their Masters.
Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.

Croker, L. P.
Army Officer's Guide.
45th ed. Harrisburg: Stackpole, 1989.

Cunliffe, R. J.
A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

Damasio, Antonio R.
Decartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain.
New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1994.

Dane, A., and R. Gardner. “Violent Acts and Violent Times: A Comparative Approach to Postwar Homicide Rates.” American Sociological Review 41:937-63 (1976).

Danieli, Yael.
International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma.
New York: Plenum, 1998.

Dean, Eric T., Jr.
Shook Over Hell: Post-Traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil War.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Detienne, Marcel.
The Masters of Truth in Archaic Greece.
Trans. Janet Lloyd. New York: Zone Books, 1999.

Detienne, Marcel, and Jean-Pierre Vernant.
Cunning Intelligence in Greek Culture and Society.
Trans. Janet Lloyd. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Dimock, George E., Jr. “The Name of Odysseus.” Hudson Review 9:52-70 (1956).

-----.
The Unity of the Odyssey.
Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989.

DSM-IV: see American Psychiatric Association.

Dumézel, Georges.
The Destiny of the Warrior.
Trans. Alf Hiltebeitel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Dunbar, Robin.
Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996.

du Picq, Ardant.
Battle Studies.
Trans. J. N. Greely and R. C. Cotton. In Roots of Strategy, Book 2. Harrisburg: Stackpole, 1987.

Dupuy, Colonel Trevor N.
A Genius for War: The German Army and General Staff, 1807-1945.
McLean, Va.: Nova Publications, 1984.

Edmonds, W. T., Jr. “Lewis Puller Ain't on the Wall.” Unpublished poem.

Edwards, Mark W.
Homer: Poet of the Iliad.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.

Farley, Melissa. “Prostitution: Psychological and Social Death of Women.” In Calling Slavery by Its Name, Symposium, 13th Annual Meeting International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Montreal, November 8, 1997.

Felson-Rubin, Nancy.
Regarding Penelope: From Character to Poetics.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Fish, Lydia. “Lydia Fish Vita.” The Vietnam Veterans Oral History and Folklore Project. Online: faculty.buffalostate.edu/fishlm/folksongs/vita.htm.

Fukuyama, Francis.
The End of History and the Last Man.
New York: Free Press, 1992.

-----.
Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity.
New York: Free Press, 1995.

Gal, Reuven.
A Portrait of the Israeli Soldier.
Westport: Greenwood, 1986.Gal, Reuven, and Franklin D. Jones. “A Psychological Model of Combat Stress,” in Jones et al., eds. War Psychiatry. Washington: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1995.

Gardner, John.
The Art of Fiction.
New York: Vintage, 1985.

Garver, Eugene.
Aristotle's Rhetoric: An Art of Character.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994

Gibbs, Philip.
Now It Can Be Told.
New York: Harper, 1920.Gibson, James W.
Warrior Dreams: Violence and Manhood in Post-Vietnam America.
New York: Hill & Wang, 1994.

Gilligan, James.
Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic.
New York: Vintage, 1996.

Glass, Albert J.
Neuropsychiatry in World War II.
Vol. 2. Washington: Surgeon General of the U.S. Army, 1973.

Goetsch, Sallie. “Review of Achilles in Vietnam.” Bryn Mawr Classical Review 94.3.21.

Golden, Leon.
Aristotle on Tragic and Comic Mimesis.
American Philological Association, American Classical Studies monograph No. 29, 1992.Goodall, Jane.
The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986.

Graves, Robert.
Good-bye to All That.
Rev. 2nd ed. New York: Anchor, 1957.Gudmundsson, Bruce I. “The German Army in World War I: The Contingents.” Tactical Notebook, November 1991.

Haber, Samuel.
Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.

Hainsworth, Brian.
The Iliad: A Commentary.
Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.