Parched City (37 page)

1
.
The London Water Supply
, Arthur Shadwell (London: Longmans, Green ¦ Co., 1899) p. 66.

2
.
Pollution and Control
, p. 28.

3
.
Milestones in Microbiology 1546–1940
, Translated and edited by Thomas D. Brock (Washington: American Society for Microbiology, 1999) p. 3.

4
.
Bacteriology
, William W. Ford (London: Harpers ¦ Brothers, 1939) p. 63.

5
.
Milestones in Microbiology
p. 2.

6
.
A Science of Impurity
, p. 47.

7
. Ibid. p. 47.

8
.
An Act for the better Local Management of the Metropolis
p. 1038 /
Water and the Search for Public Health in London in the
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
, Anne Hardy p. 271.

9
. Ibid. p. 155.

10
.
On the Mode of Communication of Cholera
, p.119.

11
.
Farr, William (1807–1883)
, John M. Eyler, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)
[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9185
, accessed 18th January 2012].

12
.
A Science of Impurity
, p. 171.

13
.
The Return of the Registrar-General for last week, The Times
(London, England), Thursday, 9th August, 1866, p. 8, Issue 25572. Accessed
Times Digital Archive
. Web. 25th July 2012.

14
. Ibid.

15
.
A Science of Impurity
, p. 162.

16
.
Twelfth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council with appendix 1869
(HMSO, 1870) pp. 141–2.

17
. Ibid.

18
. Ibid. p. 142.

19
. Ibid. p. 146.

20
.
Lea Bridge Road
sign, Lee Valley Regional Park Authority sign: ‘Middlesex Filter Beds Nature Reserve. Once home to the East London Waterworks Company, this 10 acre (4 hectare) oasis…’, photographed 15th October, 2011.

21
.
Twelfth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council with appendix 1869
, p. 146.

22
. Ibid. p. 148.

23
. Interview with John Simon, Medical Officer to the Privy Council,
Royal Commission of Water Supply, Report of the
Commissioners 1869
(HMSO: 1869) K2.

24
. Ibid. A2.

25
. Ibid. Q 249.

26
. Ibid. N3 212.

27
. Ibid. G2 125.

28
. Ibid. 249.

29
.
Twelfth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council with appendix 1869
, p. 33.

30
. The Metropolis Water Act 1871, Public General Act 34 ¦ 35, Victoria 1, Chapter 113 (HMSO: 1871) p. 598.

31
. Ibid.

32
. Ibid. Clauses 35 ¦ 36, p. 607.

33
.
International Congress of Hygiene, The Times
(London, England) August 30th, 1884, page 4, Issue 31226, Cl. F ¦
Sanitary Institute, The Times
(London, England) September 28th, 1885, page 7, Issue 31563, col E:
Times Digital Archive
. web, 20th February 2012.

34
.
Milestones in Microbiology
, p. 5.

35
.
Pure, cool and fresh water obtained by using Maignen’s Patent
“filtre Rapide”
, Drinks Ephemera: Water. Box 1. EPH107:8, Wellcome Library.

36
. Ibid.

37
.
Puralis: health: pure distilled aerated water
, The Pure Water Company Ltd, Drinks Ephemera. Water. Box 2. EPH108:23, Wellcome Library.

38
.
Wholesome Drinks for Thirsty Millions, Pall Mall Gazette
(London, England) Friday 19th July, 1889, Issue 7593, British Library nineteenth century newspapers: digital collection.

39
. Ibid.

40
.
Puralis: health: pure distilled aerated water
.

41
.
The London County Council, The Times
, Wednesday 18th January, 1893, p. 14, Issue 33851; col. B,
Times Digital Archive
, Accessed 14th January 2012.

42
.
The Metropolitan Water Supply, The Times
(London, England), Wednesday, 18th May, 1892, p. 10; Issue 33641; Col. E.
Times
Digital Archive
. Web. Accessed 17th August 2011.

43
. Ibid.

44
.
The London Water Supply, The Times
(London, England) 14th June 1892, The Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 20th August 2011.

45
. Metropolitan Cattle Trough and Drinking Fountain Association Annual Report 1891, ACC/3168/43: London Metropolitan Archives.

46
. Ibid. 1892, ACC/3168/44, pp. vi–vii.

47
.
The Metropolitan Water Supply, The Times
(London, England) 14th February 1893, Issue 33874, p. 12.
Times Digital Archive
. Web. Accessed 20th August 2011.

48
. Ibid.

49
.
Royal Commission to Inquire into the Water Supply of the
Metropolis
(HMSO: 1893) p. 143.

50
. Ibid. p. 178.

51
. Ibid. p. 172.

52
.
The Thames Conservancy Act 1894
(HMSO: 1894), printed by Effingham Wilson/Sweet ¦ Maxwell in
The Port of London Act
1908, together with the Thames Conservancy Act 1894
, p. 199.

53
.
Micro-Organisms in Water: their significance, identification and removal
, Percy Frankland and Mrs Percy Frankland (London: Longmans and Green, 1894) p. xi.

54
. Ibid. p. 89.

55
. Ibid. p. 141.

56
. Ibid. p. 125.

57
. Ibid. p. 181.

58
. Ibid.

59
. Ibid. pp. 183–4.

60
. Ibid. p. 126.

61
.
Frankland, Grace Coleridge (1858-1946)
, Susan L. Cohen, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004),
http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/62321
, Accessed 28th June 2011.

62
.
The Water Supply in East London (From Our Special
Correspondent), The Times
, 29th July, 1895, p. 11, Issue 34641, Col. A,
Times Digital Archive
, Accessed 14th January 2012 /
Liquid Politics: Water and the Politics of Everyday Life in the
Modern City
, Vanessa Taylor and Frank Trentmann (University of Greenwich ¦ Birkbeck College, 2011),
http://past.oxfordjournals.org/
, Accessed 28th December 2011, p. 221, p. 222, p. 234.

63
.
The Water Companies and the Public (From a Correspondent), The
Times
, 22nd March 1895, p. 13, Issue 34531, Col. C.
Times
Digital Archive
. Web. Accessed 14th January 2012.

64
.
The Water Companies and the Public (From a Correspondent), The
Times
, 8th March, 1895, p. 13, Issue 34519, Col. F.
Times Digital
Archive
, Accessed 14th January 2012.

65
.
The Water Supply in East London (From Our Special
Correspondent), The Times
, 29th July 1895, p. 11, Issue 34641, Col. A,
Times Digital Archive
. Accessed 14th January 2012.

66
. Ibid.

67
. East London Water Works Company notice, 21st July 1896 ACC/2558/MW/C/15/25: London Metropolitan Archives.

68
. Ibid.

69
. Ibid., 2nd notice included for same reference, undated but suggests also 1895-96 water famine period.

70
.
East London Water Supply
, Punch, or the London Charivari, 8th August, 1896.

71
. East London Water Works Company notice, 26th August 1898.

72
. East London Water Works Company notice (in Hebrew).

73
.
Water Politics in Nineteenth-Century London
, Frank Trentmann and Vanessa Taylor, in
The Making of the Consumer:
Knowledge, Power and Identity in the Modern World
, Ed. Frank Trentmann (Oxford: Berg, 2006) pp. 63–4.

74
. Ibid. p. 73.

75
.
The Typhoid Epidemic at Maidstone, The Times
(London, England) 18th October, 1897, p. 10, Issue 35337, Col. B,
Times
Digital Archive
, Accessed 14th January 2012.

76
. Towns Improvement Clauses Act (HMSO: 1847) XVII.

77
.
Report on the Means of Deoderising and Utilising the Sewage of
Towns, Addressed to the Rt. Hon. President of the General Board of Health
, Henry Austin C.E. (HMSO: 1857) pp. 19–20.

78
.
The Typhoid Epidemic at Maidstone, The Times
(London, England) 18th October, 1897.

79
. Ibid.

80
.
The Typhoid Epidemic at Maidstone, The Times
(London, England) 26th October, 1897, p. 9, Issue 35344, Col. F,
Times
Digital Archive
, Accessed 14th January 2012.

81
.
London Water Supply, The Times
(London, England) 23rd
November 1897, p. 7, Col. B, Issue 35368,
Times Digital
Archive
, 14th January 2012.

82
.
The London Water Supply
, Arthur Shadwell, p. 166.

83
. Ibid. p. 5.

84
. Ibid. p. 2.

85
.
Pollution and Control
, Bill Luckin, pp. 27–8.

86
.
A Science of Impurity
p. 171, p. 228.

1
.
Sir Alexander Cruikshank Houston (1865–1933)
, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, December 1933. Biographies Vol.1 1932–35, p. 335.

2
. Search conducted
http://www.google.co.uk
, 27th February 2012.

3
. Bill Luckin does note his rise as a name in
Pollution and
Control
and through this is an important academic text, it is certainly not a mainstream profile of Dr Houston.

4
. Search conducted 27th February 2012.

5
. Metropolis Water Act (HMSO: 1902) Clause 25.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Ibid.

8
. Ibid. Clause 29.

9
.
Fever Swept Town, The Daily Mirror
, 9th February 1905: UK Press Online, Accessed 9th August 2011.

10
.
Sir Alexander Cruikshank Houston (1865–1933)
, p. 335.

11
. Ibid. p. 343.

12
.
The Experimental Bacterial Treatment of London Sewage: Being
An Account of the Experiments Carried Out by the London
County Council Between the Years 1892 and 1903
, Professor Frank Clowes D.Sc (Lond.) Chemist to the Council and A.C. Houston, M.B. D.Sc. (London: London County Council, 1904) p. 67.

13
. Ibid. p. 69.

14
.
Sir Alexander Cruikshank Houston (1865–1933)
, p. 337.

15
.
Typhoid Fever at Lincoln (From Our Special Correspondent), The
Times
(London, England), 25th February 1905, p. 12, Issue 37640, Col. B, The Times Digital Archive, Accessed 15/06/11.

16
.
Sir Alexander Cruikshank Houston (1865–1933)
, p. 339.

17
.
Chlorination of Water
, Joseph Race (London: Chapman ¦ Hall, 1918) p. 8.

18
.
The Early History of Chlorine: papers
, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, C.L. Berthollet, Guyton de Morveau, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. Thenard (Edinburgh: Albemic Club, 1905) pp. 3–4.

19
.
Chloride of Lime in Sanitation
, Albert H. Hooker (New York: J. Wiley ¦ Sons, 1913) p. 2.

20
. Ibid.

21
.
Malignant Cholera, Trial of Various Remedies, Recommendation of Chlorine
, Mr J.G. Lansdown,
The Lancet
, September 1834, no. 578, p. 3.

22
. Ibid.

23
.
Typhoid Fever at Lincoln, The Times
25th February 1905.

24
. Ibid.

25
.
Typhoid Fever at Lincoln (From Our Special Correspondent), The
Times
(London, England), 31st March 1905, p. 15, Issue 37669, Col. B, The Times Digital Archive, Accessed 15/06/11.

26
. Water Examination Committee Minute Book 1904–08, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/1/175: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 54.

27
. Dr Houston’s First Monthly Report on the Water Supply, November 1905, Metropolitan Water Board: ACC/2558 /MW/W/01/009, p. 5.

28
. Ibid.

29
. Ibid. p. 3.

30
. Ibid. p. 24.

31
. Fifth Report on Research Work, 1909, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1908–12, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/010: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 27.

32
.
Bathroom
, Barbara Penner (London: Reaktion Books, due to be published 2012) Included in draft chapter
The Civilising
Bathroom
, page number in forthcoming unknown.

33
.
A Laboratory Handbook of Bacteriology
, Rudolf Abel, M.H. Gordon trans. (Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1907), Translator’s Preface.

34
. First Report on Research Work, 1908, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1908–12, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/010: London Metropolitan Archives.

35
. Third Report on Research Work, 1909, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1908–12, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/010: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 1.

36
.
A Laboratory Handbook of Bacteriology
, p. 104.

37
. First Report on Research Work, 1908, p. 2.

38
. Ibid.

39
. Ibid. p. 5.

40
. Ibid. p. 2.

41
. Ibid. p. 9.

41
.
Sir Alexander Cruikshank Houston (1865–1933)
, p. 343.

43
. Fourth Report on Research Work, 1909, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1908–12, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/010: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 2.

44
.
A Laboratory Handbook of Bacteriology
, p. 129.

45
. Fifth Report on Research Work, 1909, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1908–12, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/010: London Metropolitan Archives, Part 3, p. 23.

46
. Ibid.

47
.
Typhoid Mary
, A Dictionary of Public Health, Ed. John M. Last (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), Oxford Reference Online, Accessed 27th July 2011.

48
. Sixth Report on Research Work, 1910, Reports of the Director
of Water Examination 1908–12, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/010: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 18.

49
. Eighth Report on Research Work, 1912, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1908–12, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/010: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 4.

50
. Ibid.

51
. Ibid. p. 16.

52
. Ibid.
Advantages of the “Excess Lime Method”
, p. 16, point 9.

53
. Twelfth Report on Research Work, 1916, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1913–20, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/011: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 11.

54
. Ibid.

55
. Ibid. p. 15.

56
. Ibid. p. 17.

57
. Ibid.

58
. Ibid. p. 19.

59
. Ibid. p. 21.

60
. Ibid.

61
.
Sterilising Thames Water, The Times
(London, England), 25th November, 1916, p. 6, Issue 41334, Col. B, Times Digital Archive, Accessed 15th July 2011.

62
. Ibid. p. 21.

63
.
The United Alkali Company Limited, The Manchester Guardian
, 17th April 1919.

64
.
Chlorination of Water
, Joseph Race, Preface.

65
.
Sir Alexander Cruikshank Houston (1865–1933)
, p. 341.

66
.
Chlorination of Water
, Joseph Race, p. 63.

67
. Ibid. p. 67.

68
.
Metropolitan Water Board –Fifty Years Review 1903–53
, W.S. Chevalier (London: Metropolitan Water Board, 1953) p. 256.

69
. Fifteenth Annual Report, 1921, Reports of the Director of
Water Examination 1921–24, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/01/004: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 43.

70
. Ibid. p. 44.

71
.
Some General Notes on the Future of Chlorination
, Sixteenth Annual Report, 1922, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1921–24, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/01/004: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 17, point a.

72
.
Metropolitan Water Board –Fifty Years Review 1903–53
, p. 268.

73
. Eighteenth Annual Report, 1924, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1921–24, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/01/004: London Metropolitan Archives, p. 45.

74
. Ibid. p. 46.

75
.
The Romance of the New River
, Twentieth Annual Report, 1925–26, Reports of the Director of Water Examination 1921–24, Metropolitan Water Board, ACC/2558/MW/W/ 01/005: London Metropolitan Archives, see sketches 1–12.

76
. Ibid. p. 12.

77
. Ibid. p. 15.

78
. Ibid.

79
. Ibid.