Parched City (39 page)

1
.
A Journey Through Ruins: The Last Days of London
p. 175 / Interestingly, in Wright’s 2009 updated edition of the original book, 1991, the page-long coverage of
Drinking Water in a
Toxic State
expanded into a whole chapter, indicating the contemporary resonances of drinking water as a commodity and a representation of the politics of privatisation.

2
. Patrick Wright’s comment also referred to Perrier’s recall of its product following a benzene scandal.

3
.
The Politics of London’s Water
, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, The London Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2, November 1975, p. 220.

4
. The Water Act c.37, Schedule 8, clauses 56 ¦ 57, (HMSO, 1973).

5
. Social function to mark end of Board, 1973, ACC/2558/ MW/C/09/112, London Metropolitan Archives.

6
.
Watershed
, Fred Pearce (London: Junction Books, 1982) p. 4.

7
.
A Growing Community
, Europe: Gateway to the European Union 1970–79,
http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/1970-79/index_en.htm
, Accessed 5th September 2011.

8
. The Water Act, 1973, Part1, Clause 1, point 2.

9
. Ibid. Part II, Clause 2.

10
.
Watershed
, p. 150.

11
. Control of Pollution Act, Part II, Clause 31 (HMSO: 1974)

12
.
Watershed
, p. 150.

13
. Council Directive 75/440/EEC, 16th June 1975 concerning the quality of surface water intended for abstraction of drinking water in Member States,
http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31975L0440:EN:HTML
, Accessed 3rd September 2011.

14
.
Watershed
, p. 72.

15
.
Environmental Toxicology: The legacy of ‘Silent Spring’
p. 20.

16
.
Government see no reason to change regulations on drinking water, The Times
(London, England) Friday 2nd April 1976, p. 8, Issue 59669, Col.B, Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 1st September 2011.

17
. Ibid.

18
.
Watershed
, p. 34.

19
.
Drought: a contemporary retrospective review
, J.C. Rodda and T.J. Marsh (Oxfordshire: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, 2011) p. 27.

20
. Ibid.

21
.
Evening News
(London, England), 14th July 1976, p. 2.

22
.
Drought: a contemporary retrospective review
, p. 47.

23
. Ibid. p. 32, p. 47.

24
.
Troubled Water: Rivers, Politics and Pollution
, David Kinnersley (London: Hillary Shipman, 1988) p. 108.

25
.
Watershed
, p. 77.

26
. Ibid. p. 79.

27
.
London: from Punk to Blair
, John
Davis
, in
From GLC to GLA:
London Politics Then and Now
, Eds. Joe Kerr and Andrew Gibson (London: Reaktion Books, 2003) p. 110.

28
. Andrew Marr’s
History of Modern Britain
, Episode 4,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programme/b007nn9k
, BBC television 2007, viewed 3rd September 2011.

29
.
The Penguin Social History of Britain: British Society Since 1945
, Arthur Marwick (London: Penguin, 1982) p. 272.

30
.
Implementing European Environmental Policy at the Local Level:
The British Experience with Water Quality Directives
, Vol.1, Summary Report, Neil Ward, Henry Buller and Philip Lowe (Newcastle: University of Newcastle, 1995) p. 19.

31
.
Council Directive of 15th July 1980 relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption
80/778/EEC, (Brussels: European Economic Community, 1980).

32
. Soda Stream UK, commercial broadcast July 1980:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFeVOCbvHG8¦feature=results_video¦playnext=1¦list=PLF95E6235852D0302
, Accessed 20th June 2011.

33
.
A Brief History of WRc-NSF
(Reading: WRc-NSF, 2009), published on organisation’s website:
http://www.wrcnsf.com/history.htm
, Accessed 29th March 2012.

34
.
Drinking Water Consumption in Great Britain: A survey of drinking habits with special reference to tap-water-based beverages
, Technical Report TR137, (Medmenham: Water Research Centre, 1980), p. 1.

35
. The London neighbourhoods included in the survey were Central Croydon, South Newham, Stepney and Poplar (both in the borough of Tower Hamlets), Tooting (Wandsworth), Islington South and Finsbury, South Brent and Hampstead (London Borough of Camden).

36
.
Drinking Water Consumption in Great Britain
, p. 7.

37
.
The Nutrition of Industrial Workers: Recommended Dietary
Allowances
(Revised 1945), Second Report of the Committee on Nutrition of Industrial Workers etc (Washington: National Academy of Sciences, 1945) p. 11.

38
.
Drinking Water Consumption in Great Britain
, p. 1.

39
. Ibid. p. 8.

40
. Ibid. p. 16.

41
.
Trace Elements in Water and Cardiovascular Disease
–
Population
Exposure to Metals Released from Piping Materials used for
Water Distribution in the U.K.
, Final Report to the Department of the Environment 1977–81, E.J. Bailey (Medmenham: Water Research Centre, 1982) p. 1.

42
.
Contamination of Water by Domestic Plumbing Fittings
, R.J. Oliphant (Swindon: Water Research Centre, 1981) p. 41.

43
.
Sampling of Drinking Water to Estimate Population Exposure to
Lead
, R.J. Bailey (Medmenham: Water Research Centre, 1981) pp. 1–2.

44
.
Watershed
, p. 81.

45
.
Trace Elements in Water and Cardiovascular Disease
, p. 102.

46
. Ibid. p. 42.

47
. House of Lords debate, 7th July 1982, Vol. 432, cc790, Accessed Hansard records on
www.millbanksystems.com
, 5th October 2011.

48
. House of Commons debate, 16th November 1982, Vol. 32, cc155, Accessed Hansard records on
http://www.millbanksystems.com
, 5th October 2011.

49
. Ibid., cc202.

50
. House of Commons debate, 18th January 1983, Vol. 35 cc245–56, Accessed Hansard records on
http://www.millbanksystems.com
, 5th October 2011.

51
. Verified the identity of the subject in the photograph with News International’s syndication department, email from Chris Ball, 29th March 2012.

52
.
Standpipes sprout throughout the land, The Times
(London, England), 27th January 1983, p.2, Issue 61441, Col. B, Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 5th September 2011.

53
. Ibid.

54
. Ibid.

55
.
6.75m must boil drinking water, The Times
(London, England) 4th February 1983, p. 2, Issue 61448, Col. B, Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 5th September 2011.

56
.
Londoners told: cut back or else, The Times
(London, England)
14th February 1983, p. 2, Issue 61456, Col. A, Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 5th September 2011.

57
. Ibid.

58
. Inner London population reached a low that year of circa 2.52 million
GLA Demography Update
(London: Greater London Authority, 2008) p. 2 / The 1981 census for Greater London recorded 6,713,165 residents:
The London
Encyclopaedia
, p. 632.

59
.
‘DIY’ repairs to the mains, The Times
, (London, England), 15th February 1983, p. 2, Issue 61457, Col. A, Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 5th September 2011.

60
. House of Commons debate, 15th February 1983, Vol. 37, cc154–8 (UK Parliament).

61
.
Number of homes without supply increases, The Times
, (London, England) 18th February 1983, p. 2, Issue 61460, Col. B, Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 5th September 2011.

62
. House of Commons debate, 14th February 1983, Vol. 37, cc48

63
.
Water strike ends, but power struggle begins
, David Felton, Labour Correspondent,
The Times
, (London, England), 23rd February 1983, p. 1, Issue 61464, Col. B.

64
.
End of a gentlemanly dispute
, David Felton, Labour Correspondent,
The Times
, (London, England), 23rd February 1983, p. 2, Issue 61464, Col. E, Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 5th September 2011.

65
.
Bottle firms spring to the rescue
, Richard Evans,
The Times
, (London, England), 25th January 1983, p.2, Issue 61439, Col. E, Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 6th October 2011.

66
. Ibid.

67
.
Bottled water everywhere, The Observer 1901–2004
(England, U.K.), 13th February 1983, p. 19, Accessed 6th October 2011.

68
.
Naturally the connoisseur’s choice
, Appollinaris Table Water advertisement,
Illustrated London News
, (London, England), 29th June 1974 p. 48. Illustrated London News archive. Web. Retrieved 21st October 2011.

69
.
How the British took to sparkling waters
, M. Davie,
The Observer
1901–2004
England, U.K.), 24th July 1983 p. 12.

70
.
Physical
, Olivia Newton-John, live performance broadcast on You Tube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoDJcFU6iY
, Accessed 6th April 2011.

71
.
London in the 20th Century
, p. 75.

72
.
Bon appetit, The Economist
(London, England), Saturday, 12th January, 1985, p. 22, Issue 7376, The Economist Historical Archive. Web. Accessed 6th April 2011.

73
.
The Good Water Guide: The World’s Best Bottled Waters
, Maureen and Timothy Green (London: Rosendale Press, 1985) p. 6.

74
. Ibid. p. 12.

75
. Natural Mineral Water Regulations (HMSO: 1985).

76
.
The Good Water Guide
, p. 12.

77
. Ibid. p. 123.

78
.
Cosmopolitan
(London, England), Summer 1986,
Zest
supplement p. 12.

79
. Ibid.

80
.
Cosmopolitan
(London, England), Summer 1988,
Zest
supplement p. 13.

81
.
Cosmopolitan
(London, England), Summer 1989, pp. 130–31.

82
.
Cosmopolitan
(London, England), December 1989, pp. 8–9.

83
. Ibid.

84
.
Poison on Tap, The Observer
(London, England)
Observer
Magazine
, 6th August, 1989, pp. 16–24.

85
.
Newswatch, The Observer
(London, England), 7th August 1988, p. 2.

86
.
Water supplies monitored after contamination, The Guardian
(Manchester: England), 19th August, 1988, p. 4.

87
.
DPP acts on water mishap, The Guardian
(Manchester, England), 24th January, 1989, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Guardian (1821–2003) and The Observer (1791–2003), Retrieved 7th October 2011.

88
.
Legal cloud over Ridley water sale, The Guardian
(Manchester, England), 30th January 1989, p. 4, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Guardian (1821–2003) and The Observer (1791–2003). Web. Retrieved 7th October 2011.

89
.
Water Privatisation and the Environment: An Overview of the
Issues
, Judith Rees, (London: Friends of the Earth, 1989) p. 50.

90
.
Clean up your water now, EC tells Britain, The Observer
(London, England), ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Guardian (1821–2003) and The Observer (1791–2003). Web. Retrieved 7th October 2011.

91
.
Britain’s Poisoned Water
, Frances and Phil Craig (London: Penguin, 1989) p. xii.

92
. Ibid. p. 31.

93
. Ibid. p. 53.

94
. Ibid. p. 27.

95
.
Water Privatisation and the Environment: An Overview of the
Issues
, pp. 52–3.

96
.
Poison on Tap
, p. 22.

97
.
Tap dancing with the public, The Guardian
(Manchester, England), p. 33, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Guardian (1821–2003) and The Observer (1791–2003). Web. Retrieved 7th October 2011.

98
. For example
Sick Buildings, The Architects Journal
(London, England), 20th May 1987 pp. 22–3.

99
.
Inside the Office, The Architects Journal
(London, England), 19th August 1987, p. 45 and 26th August 1987, p. 47.

100
.
Yellow Pages Central London 1986
(Reading: British Telecom), p.1313–17.

101
.
Yellow Pages Central London 1985
, p. 1277.

102
.
Yellow Pages Central London 1987
, p. 1412.

103
.
Yellow Pages Central London 1988
, p. 1746.

104
.
Yellow Pages Central London 1989
, pp. 1990–91.

105
.
Yellow Pages Central London 1990
, pp. 1990–91.

106
.
The Changing Workplace, Buildings Update: Offices 1
, Francis Duffy,
The Architects’ Journal
(London, England), 27th September 1989, p. 77.

107
.
Yellow Pages Central London 1990
, p. 2100.

108
.
Yellow Pages Central London 1993
, pp. 2100–1.