Parched City (40 page)

109
.
Troubled Water
, p. 127.

110
. Ibid. p. 84.

111
. Ibid. p. 119.

112
. North West Water Authority 1973–6.

113
. David Kinnersley’s Obituary in
The Guardian
(Manchester, England), Friday, 17th December, 2004, viewed online 7th October 2011 / David Kinnersley’s Obituary in
The
Independent
, Saturday, 11th December, 2004, viewed online 7th October 2011.

114
. 114.
Troubled Water
, p. 139.

115
. 115. Ibid. p. 152.

116
. 116.
Evening Standard
, 22nd February 1989, p. 7.

117
. 117.
The Penguin Social History of Britain: British Society Since
1945
, Arthur Marwick (London: Penguin, 1982) p. 407.

118
.
The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993) p. 3534.

119
.
Millions Take the H2O Plunge
, Peter Oborne,
Evening Standard
(London, England), 6th December 1989, p. 2, Col. 6.

120
. Drinking Water Inspectorate website homepage description,
http://dwi.defra.gov.uk
, Accessed 9th April 2012.

121
.
Drinking Water to be Checked
, John Hunt,
Financial Times
(London, England) 23rd December 1989, p. 4, Financial Times digital archive. Web, Retrieved 3rd April 2012.

122
.
Cosmopolitan
, July 1990, pp. 108–9.

123
. 123.
The Good Water Guide
, p. 118.

124
. Brita corporate history,
http://www.brita.net/uk/history/html?¦L=1
, Accessed 3rd April 2012.

125
.
Eau No. Kay Marles takes a dip into the muddied waters of the filter market. The Observer
(London, England), 7th January
1990, p. A21, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Guardian (1821–2003) and The Observer (1791–2003). Web. Retrieved 7th October 2011.

126
.
Drinking Water Quality
leaflet, (Reading: Thames Water), External relations 2 04 0492, Catalogued 1992 but undated, Ephemera 470: Water Supply and Sewerage 1, Wellcome Library.

127
. Ibid. Water Filters leaflet, Thames Water Utilities Limited 13010392.

128
.
Water Quality Fact Sheet: Bottled Water
, (Reading: Thames Water, 1992) Reference 25/6/92, Drinks Ephemera EPH109: Water Box 3, Wellcome Library.

129
.
South West Water is fined £10,000 over Camelford, The Times
(London, England) 9th January 1991, p. 4, The Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 3rd April 2012 / Many Camelford poisoning victims also received out-of-court settlements from South West Water in 1994:
Pollution cash, The Times
(London, England), 19th May 1994, p. 4, The Times Digital Archive. Web. Accessed 3rd April 2012.

130
.
Economics of Lead Pipe Replacement: Final report to the
Department of the Environment
(Swindon: Water Research Centre, 1992) p. 4.

131
. Ibid.

132
.
Britain guilty of breaching drinking water standards
, 26th November 1992,
The Guardian
, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Guardian (1821–2003) and The Observer (1791–2003). Web. Retrieved 7th October 2011.

133
.
EC convicts Britain of poor quality tap water, The Times
(London, England) 26th November 1992, p. 5, The Times Digital Archive, Accessed 3rd April 2012.

134
.
The Good Water Guide
, 1994 edition, p. 11.

135
. Ibid. p. 119.

136
. Ibid. p. 120.

137
. Ibid. p. 119.

138
.
Cosmopolitan Magazine
, June 1996 p. 176.

139
.
Drinking Water Consumption in Great Britain
, p. 58.

140
.
Tap Water Consumption in England and Wales: Findings from the
1995 National Survey
, (HMSO, 1996) p. v.

141
.
A Brief History of Neoliberalism
, David Harvey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 60.

142
. The Drinking Fountain Association Annual Report 1985, p. 2, ACC/3168/137: London Metropolitan Archives.

143
. Ibid. 1983–7, ACC/3168/135–39.

144
.
London in the 20th Century
, pp. 298–99.

145
. Trade Union Congress digital archive:
http://www.union-history.info/britainatwork/display.php?irn=978¦QueryPage=
, Accessed 6th April 2012.

146
.
London in the 20th Century
, p. 76.

1
. Natural Hydration Council, Member Brands page,
http://www.naturalhydrationcouncil.org.uk/Page/MemberBrands1
, Accessed 20th May 2012 / Healthy Hydration Glass page,
http://www.naturalhydrationcouncil.org.uk/Page/HealthyHydrationGlass
, Accessed 4th September 2012.

2
. 1993 figure:
The Good Water Guide
, 1994 edition / 2003 figure:
The 2010 UK Soft Drinks Report
–
Investing in Refreshment
(London: British Soft Drinks Association, 2010) p.6.

3
. Interview with Jarno Stet, Waste Services Manager, Westminster City Council, conducted and recorded 25th July 2011: all direct quotes in the chapter are from this interview.

4
. Additional written responses from Jarno Stet, Westminster City Council, received 11th August 2011.

5
. Ibid.

6
.
CO
2
impacts of transporting the UK’s recovered paper and plastic bottles to China
, p. 3, (Banbury: Waste and Resources Action Programme, 2008), Retrieved from WRAP website,
http://www.wrap.org.uk
, 10th April 2012.

7
. Ibid. p. 28.

8
. Closed Loop Recycling plant website:
http://www.closed-looprecycling.co.uk/Home
, Accessed 18th November 2011.

9
.
Government Review of Waste Policy in England 2011
, p.18, (HMSO, 2011),
http://defra.gov.uk/publications/files/pb13540-waste-policy-review110614.pdf
, Retrieved from DEFRA website 18th November 2011.

10
. Sustain’s strapline is ‘the alliance for better food and farming’,
http://sustainweb.org

11
.
Bottled and Sold: the story behind our obsession with bottled water
, Peter H. Gleick (Washington: Island Press, 2010) p. 91.

12
.
Have you bottled it? How drinking tap water can help save you and the planet
, Lucia Wanctin, (London: Sustain, 2006) p. 7.

13
. All details relating to the Hydrachill project and direct quotes are from an interview recorded with Maria Andrews, former Head of Development for Waste Watch, on 29th March 2010.

14
. Recorded in an interview with Christine Haigh and Jackie Schneider of The Children’s Food Campaign, Sustain, 10th May 2010.

15
.
The Taps Are Turning: Are we ending our love affair with bottled water?
(London: Sustain, 2008) p. 6.

16
.
The Clear Choice
, Thames Water press release, 19th February 2008,
http://londonontap.org/press/archive/tap/
, retrieved 15th November 2011.

17
.
Bottled Water: Who Needs It?
, Broadcast BBC One, 19th February 2008.

18
.
The Clear Choice
.

19
. Ibid.

20
.
‘Tap Top’ is tip top for London’s tap water
, 1st December 2008,
http://londonontap.org/press/archive/tap/
, Accessed 15th November 2011.

21
. On sale from The Water Cooler Company at this price,
http://www.thewatercoolercompany.com/index.php?id=london-on-tap-carafe
, Accessed 4th September 2012.

22
. Email correspondence with Emma Reynolds of Tsuru Restaurant Group, 19th August 2011.

23
. Interview recorded with Sara Lom, Chief Executive of the Royal Parks Foundation, 28th October 2011.

24
.
New Drinking-Fountain in Hyde Park, Illustrated London News
, (London, England) Saturday 7th March, 1868, p. 233, Issue 1472.

25
.
Freeman Family Fountain
, Annual Report and Accounts 2009–10, (London: The Royal Parks, 2010) p. 37.

26
.
The Freeman Family Fountain: New public drinking fountain refreshes Hyde Park
, Press Release September 2009, The Royal Parks and The Royal Parks Foundation, Retrieved 6th October 2010.

27
. Interview with Christine Haigh and Jackie Schneider.

28
.
Wise up on water!
(London: Water UK), undated.

29
.
Thirsty Play
, (London: Sustain, 2010) p. 4,
http://sustainweb.org/publications/?id=183
, Accessed 8th October 2010.

30
. Interview with Guy Jeremiah, Director of Aquatina/collabo- rator on Find-A-Fountain recorded 23rd September 2011.

31
. Science Museum shop website products:
http://www.sciencemuseumshop.co.uk/product/312301.html
, Accessed 10th April 2012.

32
.
Aquatina is
… section on Aquatina website,
http://aquatina.com/about?uncompress=1
, Accessed 25th September 2011.

33
. Title for The City of London Corporation contemporary fountain project 2010.

34
. Interview with Victor Callister, Senior Planning Officer, The City of London Corporation, recorded 24th March 2010.

35
.
Atlántida
, Santa and Cole website:
http://www.santaandcole.com/en/catalogo/fuentes/atlantida
, Accessed 10th April 2011.

36
. Photographed 21st May, 2010.

37
. Recorded at fountain launch, 21st May 2010.

38
. Photographed 21st May, 2010.

39
. Aquaid Water Coolers,
http://www.aquaidwatercoolers.co.uk/what-we-do
, Accessed 27th July 2012.

40
. Ibid. what-we-do/bottled-water-coolers/freestanding-bottled- water-coolers.

41
.
The Freeman Family Fountain
, press release.

42
.
Towards A One Planet 2012, 2nd edition
(London: London 2012, 2009), Retrieved from
http://www.london2012.com/docu ments/locog-publications/london-2012-sustainability-plan.pdf
, Accessed 14th August 2010 p. 25.

43
. Ibid.

44
. Ibid. p. 37.

45
.
Schweppes Abbey Well Gets Off To A Schwimming Start
, Coca Cola press release,
http://coca-cola.co.uk/press-centre/2009/march/launch_campaign_for_schweppes_abbey_well_gets_off_to_a_schwimming_start.html
, Accessed 17th November 2011.

46
. Transcript of Question and Answer Session with the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, 21st October 2009,
http://legacy.london.gov.uk/assembly/assemmtgs/2009/plenaryoct21/minutes/app3-transcriptLOCOG.pdf
, Accessed 6th February 2012, p. 2.

47
. Ibid.

48
.
London 2012 to showcase the best of British food in 2012
, London 2012 press release, 9th December 2009,
http://www.london2012.com/press/media-releases/2009/12/london-2012-to-showcase-the-best-of-british-food-in-2012.php
, Accessed 4th August 2011.

49
. The event safety guide (second edition), Health and Safety Executive (The Stationery Office, 1999) pp. 75–6.

50
. Interview recorded in person with Megan Ashfield, of Populous Architects, Monday 16th May 2011.

51
. Telephone interview recorded with James Bulley, Head of Infrastructure, London Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, London 2012, 20th August 2011.

52
. Email correspondence with Kath Dalmeny, Policy Director of Sustain, 23rd September 2011.

53
.
Food Vision for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games
(London: London 2012, December 2009) p. 20.

54
. Telephone interview recorded with Paul May, Head of Venue Development, London Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, London 2012, 22nd November 2011.

55
. MTD website,
http://www.mtd.net/drinkwater.php
, Accessed 20th April 2012.

56
. London 2012 ‘Facts and Figures’,
http://www.london2012.com/about-us/facts-and-figures/
, Accessed 20th April 2012.

57
. Schweppes Water page, Coca-Cola website (2010),
http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/brands/category/schweppes-water.html
, Accessed 10th August 2011.

58
. Ibid.

59
. Inteview with Michael Green, founder of
tapwater.org
, recorded 15th August 2011.

60
. Lifebottle product,
tapwater.org/shop/lifebottle
, Accessed 16th November 2011.

61
. Tapwater.org FAQS,
http://www.tapwater.org/faqs
, Accessed 19th November 2011.

62
. Drinking water, Friends of the Earth website,
http://www.foe.co.uk/living/tips/water__filters.html
, Accessed 5th June 2012.

63
.
Tapwater.org
FAQS.

1
. Interview recorded with Professor Jeni Colbourne, Chief Inspector, the Drinking Water Inspectorate, Tuesday 25th October 2011.

2
. The Natural Mineral Water, Spring Water and Bottled Drinking Water (England) Regulations 2007, Part 1, Clause 2 (The Stationery Office, 2007).

3
. Ibid. Part 2, Clause 6.

4
. Ibid. Schedule 1.

5
. Email response from Thames Water, Monday 4th July, 2011to enquiry letter sent on Wednesday 11th May 2011 / Email received on 20th September stated that my stated project deadline was too soon for a site visit to be arranged, despite the fact that the initial request was posted in May 2011.

6
. Sutton and East Surrey Water PLC education programme,
http://www.waterplc.com/pages/community/schools-educational-programme/
, Accessed 31st July 2012.

7
.
Big Water: Everyday Water: A Sociotechnical Perspective
, Zoe Safoulis, Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, Vol. 19, No. 4, December 2005, p. 446.

8
. Ibid. p. 452.

9
. ‘What We Do’, Drinking Water Inspectorate website,
http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/about/what-we-do/index.htm
, Accessed 30th July 2012.

10
. Advice Leaflets, Drinking Water Inspectorate website,
http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/index.htm
, Accessed 27th April 2012.

11
.
Drinking Water Inspectorate
, A Hampton Implementation Review Report, (The Stationery Office, 2010) p. 8.

12
.
Drinking Water 2011
, A Report by the Chief Inspector of Drinking Water, (Drinking Water Inspectorate/The Stationery Office, July 2012) p. 119.

13
. Ibid. p. 85.

14
. Email response from Professor Jeni Colbourne to interview follow-up questions, received 25th November 2011.

15
. Email response from Steve White, Drinking Water Strategy Manager, to interview follow-up questions, received 1st November 2011.

16
. Telephone interview recorded with Steve White, Thames Water, 10th October 2011.

17
.
A Compengyous Reyment of a Dietary of Healthe made in
Mountpyller by Andrew Boorde
.

18
. ‘Wholesomeness’, Part III, Clause 4, The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000 No. 3184 (The Stationery Office, 2000) / On the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption Council Directive 98/83/EC (EC: 1998).

19
. Ibid. ‘Wholesomeness’ definition.

20
. Walthamstow Reservoirs page, Thames Water website:
http://www.thameswater.co.uk/cps/rde/xchg/prod/hs.xsl/6253.htm
, Accessed 27th April 2012.

21
.
Edgelands: Journeys Into England’s True Wilderness
, Paul Farley and Michael Symmons Roberts (London: Jonathan Cape, 2011) p. 84.

22
. Photographed 17th February 2012.

23
.
Pesticide Residues in Food and Cancer Risk: A Critical Analysis
, Lois Swirsky Gold, Thomas H. Slone and Bruce N. Ames, in
Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology
, Second Edition, Ed. R. Krieger, (Berkeley: Academic Press, 2001) p. 799.

24
.
Pesticides
, Drinking Water Inspectorate consumer advice leaflet,
http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/pesticides.pdf
, Accessed 27th April 2012.

25
.
Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality
, Fourth Edition, (Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2011) p. 1.

26
. Table B: Chemical Parameters, Schedule 1: Prescribed Concentrations and Values, The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000.

27
. Pesticides, ‘Drinking water standards explained’ page,
Thames Water website,
http://www.thameswater.co.uk/your-water/7503.htm
, Accessed 5th September 2012.

28
.
Drinking Water 2007
, Thames region, (Drinking Water Inspectorate/The Stationery Office, 2008)
http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/about/annual-report/2007/Thames.pdf
, Accessed 2nd November 2011, p. 2.

29
.
Drinking water 2009
, Thames region of England (Drinking Water Inspectorate/The Stationery Office, 2010) p. 6.

30
. Get Pelletwise! website,
http://www.getpelletwise.co.uk
, Accessed 5th December 2011.

31
.
Drinking water 2009
, p. 19.

32
.
Metaldehyde Slug Pellets
advice sheet (The Voluntary Initiative Community Interest Company, undated).

33
.
Consultation on the implementation of EU pesticides legislation -
Public consultation response from the RSPB
, May 2010,
http://rspb.org.uk/images/RSPB%20responses%20on%20SUD_tcm9-251411.pdf
, Retrieved 5th December 2011, p.1, p. 2.

34
. Comment recorded during interview with Jeni Colbourne.

35
. ‘About Us’ page, Our Rivers website
http://www.ourrivers.org.uk/about-us/
and
Diffuse pollution and the White Paper
, blog post on Our Rivers website, June 14th 2011, retrieved 31st July 2012.

36
.
Water Pollution Offences
web page, Law and Your Environment - The plain guide to environmental law (UK Environmental Law Association 2008-11), Retrieved 31st July 2012.

37
. Fact Sheet:
Material for pest and disease control in organic crops
(Bristol: Soil Association, 2010).

38
. Search conducted 6th November 2011.

39
.
Pathogenesis and management of male infertility, The Lancet
(London, England), Volume 343, Issue 8911, 11th June 1994, pp.1473–1479.

40
.
Tap water link to abnormal sperm
, Liz Hunt,
The Independent
(London, England), 21st January 1994, Web, retrieved 8th
November 2011.

41
.
Oestrogen in Drinking Water
(Drinking Water Inspectorate/ The Stationery Office Limited, 2009).

42
. Ibid.

43
.
Endocrine Disruptors
, Drinking Water Inspectorate Consumer advice leaflet (The Stationery Office Limited, 2010) p. 2.

44
.
Pharmaceuticals
, Drinking Water Inspectorate Consumer advice leaflet (The Stationery Office Limited, 2010).

45
.
Thames Corridor Abstraction Management Strategy
, Environ- ment Agency (The Stationery Office Limited, 2004) p. 13.

46
. Search conducted 4th November 2011,
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk

47
. Glossary of terms related to Urban Waste Water, Environment section of European Commission website,
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-urbanwaste/info/glossary_en.htm
, Retrieved 4th November 2011.

48
. Water UK Jargon Buster:
http://www.water.org.uk/home/resources-and-links/jargon-b?s1=five-days¦s2=biochemical
, Retrieved 4th November 2011.

49
.
Water Quality Planning - prioritised Drinking Water Protected
Areas
, Operational instruction 1164_08, Issued 19/12/08,
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/1164_08.pdf
, Accessed 23rd April 2012.

50
.
Thames Gateway Water Treatment Works - Keeping London on tap
, short film (3’58”), Thames Water, uploaded to You Tube 2010,
http://youtube.com/watch?v=oyhXZF_13_s
, Viewed 6th November 2011.

51
.
The completed acquisition of Thames Water Holdings Plc by
Kemble Water Limited
, A consultation paper by Ofwat, February 2007, p. 5.

52
. Ibid. The other half includes the Queensland Investment Corporation (Australia) and the Alberta Investment Management Corporation (Canada), amongst others including a pension fund for civil servants in the
Netherlands.

53
.
Change in minority shareholders at Thames Water, 12th December
2011
, Macquarie Group Limited,
http://www.macquarie.co.uk/mgl/uk/about/news/2011/12122011
, Accessed 1st May 2012.

54
.
Areas of water stress: final classification
, Reference GEH01207BNOC-E-E (Environment Agency/The Stationery Office, 2007) p. 2, p. 4.

55
.
Water desalination plant opens for testing in Beckton, The
Guardian
, 28th June 2011 (London, England),
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/jun/28/water-desalination-plant-beckton-london
, Accessed 27th April 2012.

56
.
Thames Gateway Water Treatment Works - Keeping London on tap
.

57
.
Ensuring future supplies: Thames Gateway Water Treatment
Works communications and engagement strategy
, p. 5, Thames Water, undated,
http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/stakeholders/conferences-seminars/comms-workshop/6.Thames%20Gateway%20Water%20Treatment%20Works%20Final.pdf
, Retrieved from the DWI website 28th April 2012.

58
.
Policy ¦ Procedure for Drinking Water Fountains in Public Areas
, Thames Water, November 2009, Unpublished, policy document received by email from Steve White on 11th October 2011.

59
. The Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999 (The Stationery Office).

60
.
Policy ¦ Procedure for Drinking Water Fountains in Public Areas
.

61
. Interview with Victor Callister, Senior Planning Officer, The City of London Corporation, recorded 24th March 2010.

62
.
Free access to drinking water across London
, Request for a Mayoral decision MD661, Greater London Authority, 2010, p. 3.