PARIS 1919 (93 page)

14. Zeine, p. 46; Nevakivi, pp. 59, 83; Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, p. 90.

15. Lansing,
The Big Four,
pp. 164–65, 169; James,
Imperial Warrior,
p. 173.

16. Lacey, p. 83; Yapp,
Making of the Modern Near East,
pp. 281–86.

17. Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace,
pp. 174, 176–87.

18. D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 2, p. 1028; Antonius, p. 321; Garnett, p. 20; James,
Golden Warrior,
p. 311.

19. Garnett, p. 89.

20. Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace,
pp. 339–41; Garnett, pp. 117–18; Library of Congress, Beer Collection, diary, 8.1.19; British Library, Curzon Papers, Eastern Committee minutes, 41 (5.12.18); Nevakivi, p. 85.

21. Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 3, p. 102; Zeine, pp. 51, 62; Bell, p. 128.

22. Zeine, pp. 50–52.

23. Ibid., p. 59; Antonius, pp. 280–86.

24. James,
Golden Warrior,
pp. 304, 599; Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, p. 131.

25. Hughes,
Policies and Potentates,
pp. 221–23; FRUS, vol. 3, pp. 889–94; Library of Congress, Bliss Papers, box 244, diary, 25.1.19; Beer Collection, diary, 7.1.19; Bonsal,
Suitors and Suppliants,
p. 40; Zeine, p. 144.

26. Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, p. 186; Shotwell, p. 178; Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 3, pp. 113, 118–9.

27. FRUS, vol. 4, p. 3; Zamir, pp. 408–9.

28. Watson, p. 371.

29. Zeine, p. 59; Nevakivi, p. 98; Public Record Office, London, CAB 29/28; British empire delegation minutes, 7 (7.2.19); British Library, Balfour Papers, 49734/164–67, Balfour to Curzon, 8.9.19.

30. Yale University Library, House diary, 7.3.19, 12.3.19; Nevakivi, pp. 119, 128–29; Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, pp. 189, 194–98, 205.

31. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement,
vol. 1, p. 74; James,
Imperial Warrior,
p. 185; FRUS, vol. 5, p. 12; Poincaré, pp. 286–87.

32. Antonius, p. 288; Nevakivi, pp. 138, 143; Fitzherbert, p. 219; James,
Golden Warrior,
p. 311; Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 3, p. 233.

33. P. Mantoux, vol. 2, p. 133.

34. Yergin, pp. 183, 189; Nevakivi, p. 91; Amery, vol. 1, p. 232.

35. Sluglett, p. 32; Callwell, vol. 2, p. 194; M. Kent,
Oil and Empire,
p. 148.

36. Marlowe, p. 92.

37. Ibid., p. 13.

38. Ibid., p. 113.

39. Ibid., p. 132.

40. Sluglett, appendix 1.

41. Marlowe, pp. 136–38; British Library, Curzon Papers, Eastern Committee minutes, 43 (16.12.18); Sluglett, p. 37.

42. Wallach, pp. 213–14.

43. Ibid., p. 108.

44. Ibid., p. 290–91.

45. Ibid., p. 207; Marlowe, p. 112; Sluglett, p. 22; Winstone, pp. 195, 198, 202; Zamir, pp. 408–9.

46. Winstone, pp. 209–10.

47. Sluglett, p. 34; Fitzherbert, p. 219.

48. Darwin, chapter 3,
passim;
Kedourie,
Chatham House Version,
p. 90.

49. Storrs, p. 54; Kedourie,
Chatham House Version,
pp. 84–88.

50. Zeine, p. 189.

51. Shaarawi, p. 114.

52. Darwin, pp. 83–84; Temperley, vol. 6, p. 198.

53. Public Record Office, CAB 29/2, Indian desiderata for the peace settlement.

54. J. M. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
pp. 140–41; J. M. Brown,
Gandhi's Rise to Power,
p. 192; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F/23/4 “The Future of Constantinople,” 5.2.19; Public Record Office, Cabinet Papers, CAB 29/28, British empire delegation minutes, 16 (3.4.19); Busch,
Britain, India and the Arabs,
p. 390.

55. P. Mantoux, vol. 2, pp. 95–100.

56.
The Englishman
(Calcutta), 8.4.19; Pandey, p. 107; Darwin, p. 247.

57. Callwell, vol. 2, p. 182; Darwin, pp. 30–32; James,
Imperial Warrior,
pp. 184, 194.

58. Gilbert,
Churchill,
vol. 4, p. 638; British Library, Balfour Papers, 49734/154–60, Curzon to Balfour, 20.8.19; Nevakivi, pp. 178, 181; Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 74/19–21, 12.8.19; James,
Imperial Warrior,
pp. 194–95; Temperley, vol. 6, pp. 155–56; Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, p. 200.

59. Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 4, pp. 97–98.

60. FRUS, vol. 12, pp. 751–863.

61. Nevakivi, p. 199; Wilson, p. 621.

62. Mordacq,
Le ministère Clemenceau,
vol. 4, pp. 134, 141, 203; Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, p. 213; Keiger, p. 268; Nevakivi, p. 208.

63. Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, pp. 201–2, 215; Zeine, pp. 120, n. 6, 146–47; Marlowe, pp. 212–3.

64. Zeine, pp. 136–37.

65. Marlowe, pp. 162, 204, 215.

66. Gilbert,
Churchill,
vol. 4, p. 495; Callwell, vol. 2, p. 273; British Library, Curzon Papers, F111/274, Eastern Committee minutes, 39 (27.11.18); Wallach, pp. 311, 321.

67. Wallach, p. 364.

68. Brecher, p. 656.

CHAPTER 28: PALESTINE

1. Reinharz, p. 298; FRUS, vol. 4, pp. 164–65; Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, p. 187.

2. Shotwell, p. 170.

3. Elon, pp. 62–63, 67; Sanders, p. 81.

4. Sanders, pp. 120–21, 418.

5. Eban, p. 12; Stein, pp. 121–22; Reinharz, p. 36.

6. Sanders, p. 318.

7. House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, 60/2/26; Mansergh, vol. 2, p. 27; Churchill,
Great Contemporaries,
p. 250; Gilmour, pp. 503–4; Riddell,
Intimate
Diary,
p. 325; Jones, vol. 1, p. 201.

8. Malcolm, p. 110.

9. D. Lloyd George,
War Memoirs,
vol. 2, pp. 1014, 1017; Mosley, p. 207.

10. Vansittart, p. 232; Mackay, p. 317; Yale University Library, House diary, 31.12.18; Sanders, p. 119; Dugdale, vol. 2, p. 171.

11. Stein, p. 152; Dugdale, vol. 2, p. 163; Sanders, pp. 119–21.

12. Sanders, p. 73; Rowland, p. 424.

13. D. Lloyd George,
War Memoirs,
vol. 2, p. 586; Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Europe 1918–1929, EU18–40, Grande Bretagne, vol. 7, 4.4.19.

14. Sanders, p. 518; Stein, p. 127.

15. Gilmour, p. 481; Adelson, p. 243; Friedman,
Question of Palestine,
pp. 311–24.

16. Reinharz, pp. 223, 242; Sykes, p. 23.

17. Reinharz, pp. 291–95, 303–4.

18. Ibid., p. 296; Gilbert,
Churchill,
vol. 4, p. 639; FRUS, vol. 4, pp. 161–70.

19. Reinharz, p. 298; FRUS, vol. 4, pp. 161–70.

20. Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, p. 187; Storrs, pp. 326, 349, n. 1.

21. Reinharz, pp. 194, 199, 301; FRUS, vol. 4, p. 168.

22. Reinharz, p. 220; Yapp,
The Near East Since the First World War,
p. 116; Adelson, p. 243; Elon, p. 195.

23. Elon, pp. 209, 225–26; chapter 5,
passim;
Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 64–78, Weizmann to Balfour, 30.5.18.

24. Reinharz, p. 278.

25. Dugdale, p. 161.

26. Sanders, p. 652; Storrs, p. 414; British Library, Curzon Papers, Eastern Committee minutes, 41 (5.12.18).

27. Wilson, p. 512; Storrs, p. 400; Reinharz, pp. 255–56.

28. Wilson, p. 593; Antonius, pp. 285–86, appendix F.

29. Lebow, pp. 501–23; PWW, vol. 54, pp. 432–33; Tillman, p. 226; Dockrill and Goold, p. 163; FRUS, vol. 12, pp. 793–95.

30. Klieman, p. 70; Nevakivi, pp. 119–23.

31. Nevakivi, p. 274; Reinharz, pp. 318, 387.

32. Gilbert,
Churchill,
vol. 4, p. 541.

33. British Library, Balfour Papers, 49734/154–60, Curzon to Balfour, 20.8.19; Sykes, pp. 49–50; Gilbert,
Churchill,
vol. 4, pp. 484–85.

34. Ibid., p. 625–27; Reinharz, pp. 357–58.

35. Sanders, p. 657; D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 2, p. 1194; Reinharz, p. 392; Gilbert,
Churchill,
vol. 4, p. 621; Sykes, pp. 58–61.

36. Reinharz, pp. 394–95.

37. Sykes, pp. 72–73.

CHAPTER 29: ATATÜRK AND THE BREAKING OF SÈVRES

1. P. Mantoux, vol. 1, p. 454; vol. 2, pp. 37–38.

2. Temperley, vol. 6, p. 21; Petsalis-Diomidis, p. 47; D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the
Peace Treaties,
vol. 2, pp. 774–83.

3. Bosworth, pp. 52–55, 67–69; Smith, pp. 69–79; Lowe and Marzari, p. 172.

4. Bosworth, p. 53; University Microfilm International, Sonnino Papers, reel 40/47, telegram of 26.1.19; Aldrovandi Marescotti,
Guerra diplomatica,
p. 365.

5. P. Mantoux, vol. 1, p. 305; vol. 2, p. 40; FRUS, vol. 5, p. 582; British Library, Balfour Papers, 49752, vol. 2, “The Problem of Italy and Turkey in Anatolia,” 16.5.19.

6. P. Mantoux, vol. 1, pp. 448–55.

7. FRUS, vol. 3, pp. 868–75, 872; Bonsal,
Suitors and Suppliants,
p. 183; Llewellyn Smith, p. 70.

8. Llewellyn Smith, p. 51.

9. House and Seymour, pp. 192–93; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F23/4/22, Hankey to Lloyd George, 23.2.19.

10. P. Mantoux, vol. 2, p. 31; H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, pp. 321–22; F. Stevenson, p. 183; Smith, p. 80.

11. P. Mantoux, vol. 2, pp. 47–48; Mordacq, Le ministère Clemenceau, vol. 3, p. 278.

12. Smith, p. 79; P. Mantoux, vol. 1, pp. 495–96; vol. 2, pp. 29–31, 36; Callwell, vol. 2, p. 192.

13. Smith, pp. 86–91.

14. Kinross, pp. 181–82; Ryan, p. 128.

15. Kinross, p. 177; D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 2, p. 1285.

16. Kinross, pp. 199, 671–72.

17. H. Nicolson,
Peacemaking,
pp. 333–35.

18. P. Mantoux, vol. 2, pp. 55, 70; N. Nicolson, p. 84; British Library, Balfour Papers, Add. MS 49752, vol. 2, “The Problem of Italy and Turkey in Anatolia,” 16.5.19.

19. Callwell, vol. 2, p. 193; N. Nicolson, p. 84.

20. P. Mantoux, vol. 2, pp. 72, 100, 106, 109–13.

21. Ibid., pp. 133–34; Roskill, vol. 2, p. 91; Churchill College, Hankey diary, 21.5.19; Andrew and Kanya-Forstner, p. 197; Steed, vol. 2, p. 330.

22. P. Mantoux, vol. 2, p. 137; Helmreich, pp. 75–79; Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World
Settlement,
vol. 2, p. 203.

23. H. N. Howard,
Partition of Turkey,
p. 237.

24. Helmreich, p. 110; FRUS, vol. 6, p. 711; P. Mantoux, vol. 2, pp. 552–56.

25. F. Stevenson, p. 76; Gilmour, pp. 491, 534–35.

26. H. Nicolson,
Curzon,
p. 47, n. 1.

27. Riddell,
Intimate Diary,
p. 184; Gilmour, pp. 7–8.

28. H. Nicolson,
Curzon,
p. 20; British Library, Montagu Papers, 15.6.18/31; Vansittart, p. 273.

29. Gregory, p. 254.

30. H. Nicolson,
Curzon,
p. 193; Gilmour, p. 510.

31. H. Nicolson,
Curzon,
p. 80; Gidney, p. 113.

32. Gilmour, p. 502; H. Nicolson,
Curzon,
pp. 74, 214.

33. Gidney, pp. 196–99; D. Lloyd George,
Truth About the Peace Treaties,
vol. 2, pp. 1264–67.

34. Lowe and Marzari, pp. 172–73; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, notes of an interview between Lloyd George and Tittoni, 31.8.19, F200/1/12; Helmreich, p. 197, n. 6.

35. Duroselle, pp. 778–79; Montgomery, p. 776.

36. A. L. Macfie, “The British Decision,” p. 393; Rawlinson, pp. 190, 250–52; Scottish Record Office, Lothian Papers, 1–9, memorandum, “America and the League of Nations,” 14.11.19.

37. Gilmour, p. 521.

38. Gilbert,
Churchill,
vol. 4, p. 305; British Library, Curzon Papers, Eastern Committee meeting, 42 (9.12.18).

39. Gilmour, p. 516; House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George Papers, F47/8/13, Wilson to Lloyd George, 12.5.19 and 14.5.19; F/24/1/10 Hankey to Lloyd George, 4.9.19; Gilbert,
Churchill,
vol. 4, pp. 265, 305.

40. Nassibian, pp. 152–54, 229; Walker, p. 290, n.

41. Walker, pp. 275, 279; Gokay, pp. 59–66.

42. Walker, p. 281; Suny, p. 129.

43. FRUS, vol. 3, p. 806.

44. Adelson, p. 65; Gelfand, p. 243.

45. McDowall, pp. 108–9.

46. Ibid., pp. 3–5; Dominian, p. 296; Nassibian, pp. 19–20, 25.

47. McDowall, p. 3; Sonyel, pp. 6–8.

48. McDowall, p. 130; Busch,
Mudros to Lausanne,
p. 178.

49. McDowall, pp. 120–21; Helmreich, p. 204.

50. McDowall, pp. 121–29.

51. Ibid., pp. 120–21, 134–37, 143; Fromkin,
Peace to End All Peace,
p. 404.

52. McDowall, pp. 125–28, 132.

53. Helmreich, pp. 301–2; Temperley, vol. 6, pp. 90–91; McDowall, pp. 450–51.

54. Rawlinson, pp. 295–96; Busch,
Mudros to Lausanne,
p. 207; Smith, p. 122; M. Kent,
Moguls and Mandarins,
p. 100.

55. Dockrill and Goold, p. 210.

56. Smith, p. 127; Callwell, vol. 2, pp. 213, 248–49.

57. Dockrill and Goold, p. 210; Sonyel, p. 82.

58. Walker, pp. 315–6.

59. Ibid., p. 315.

60. Temperley, vol. 6, p. 91.

61. Sonyel, pp. 83–84; Adamthwaite, p. 94; Dockrill and Goold, p. 222.

62. Smith, pp. 191–97, 266.

63. Kinross, p. 354.

64. Smith, p. 309; Kinross, p. 372.

65. H. Nicolson,
Curzon,
pp. 273–74; Gilmour, p. 544.

66. W. White, Dateline, p. 245.

67. N. Nicolson, p. 121; W. White, Dateline, pp. 244–45, 254; Grew, vol. 1, p. 525, n. 45.

68. Dockrill and Goold, pp. 241, 246; W. White, Dateline, p. 254; Grew, vol. 1, pp. 525, 542–43; Gilbert,
Rumbold,
p. 290.

69. Grew, vol. 1, p. 584; Gilmour, p. 556.

70. Dockrill and Goold, p. 239; C. A. Macartney, National States, p. 444; Pope and Pope, pp. 116–18.

71. Kinross, p. 407.

72. McDowall, pp. 171–78; Mansel, p. 421.

73. McDowall, p. 158.

74. Sonyel, p. 225; Pope and Pope, pp. 22–23; Gilmour, p. 567.