Red Star Rogue (40 page)

272  
An anonymous note:
Sontag et al.,
Blind Man’s Bluff,
p. 275.

273  
Someone had made an effort:
Shtyrov correspondence with Neumann.

274  
When the first trawler:
Burleson,
Jennifer Project,
p. 112.

275  
Years later, Shtyrov:
Admiral Shtyrov, excerpts of transcripts from Neumann.

276  
During the first weeks:
Sampson, “Glomar Explorer.”

277  
Within hours of taking office:
John L. Helgerson, CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates 1952–1992, Central Intelligence Agency, May 22, 1996.

278  
Project Jennifer was so sensitive:
Ibid.

279  
The ship docked:
Burleson,
Jennifer Project,
p. 133.

280  
The trip from Hawaii:
Ibid., pp. 134–35.

281  
In the dark of night:
Former Lockheed engineer who worked on Project Jennifer, interviewed by author, Washington, D.C., February 2003, on condition of anonymity.

282  
Recently there was confirmation:
Weir and Boyne,
Rising Tide,
pp. 99–100.

283  
From Long Beach Harbor:
Former Lockheed engineer, interview.

284  
The site is today:
Lynn Graebner, Exclusive Reports,
San Francisco Business Times,
September 24, 1999.

285  
A Lockheed worker:
Former Lockheed engineer, interview.

286  
The nine-hundred-acre Hunters:
Environmental Protection Agency, Document CA1170090087, November 15, 2002.

287  
According to that story:
“Blind Man’s Bluff,” A&E Television Network, The History Channel, 2000.

288  
The CIA learned:
James B. Bruce, “Laws and Leaks of Classified Intelligence: Costs and Consequences of Permissive Neglect,” The Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies (CI Centre): http://www.cicentre.com/ Documents/DOC_Classified_Leaks.htm

289  
A second layer:
Sontag et al.,
Blind Man’s Bluff,
p. 277.

290  
Coincidentally, there is:
Andrew Toppan, “Salvage of German U-Boats,”
Haze Gray and Underway Naval Information Center,
Science Military Naval FAQ, Part G7, March 2000: http://www.hazegray.org/faq/smn7.htm#G7

291  
The first major news leaks:
Burleson,
Jennifer Project,
pp. 140–41.

292  
The CIA then successfully:
William Colby and Peter Forbath,
Honorable Men
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), p. 389.

293  
The first reporter:
Ibid., p. 415.

294  
Kissinger gave Dobrynin:
Borodin, ed.,
History of Russia’s Pacific Fleet,
Russian Academy of Sciences.

295  
Director Colby wrote:
Colby and Forbath,
Honorable Men,
pp. 417–18.

296  
Finally, the cover:
Jack Anderson with Daryl Gibson,
Peace, War, and Politics
(Forge reprint edition, 2000), p. 278.

297  
Anderson later criticized:
Ibid.

298  
The refloating itself:
Case summary,
Military Audit Project
v.
Casey et al.,
p. 28.

299  
The charade continued:
“Justice Plans Suit Over Colby Book,”
Washington Post,
September 21, 1981, p. 9.

300  
To this date, top-level officials:
Richard Helms with William Hood,
A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the CIA
(New York: Random House, 2003).

301  
The mystery surrounding:
American authors and journalists often become more determined to learn the truth when confronted by a government stamp of secrecy. This has certainly been the case with the K-129 incident. In addition to the works cited more extensively by the author, other notable aspects of the mystery have been covered in such books as
Spy Sub: Top Secret Missions to the Bottom of the Pacific,
by Roger C. Dunham (1997);
Wedge: The Secret War Between the FBI and CIA,
by Mark Riebling (1994);
K-19: The Widowmaker,
by Peter Huchthausen (2002);
Hostile Waters,
by Huchthausen, Igor Kurdin, and R. Alan White (1997);
Kursk Down,
by Clyde Burleson (2002);
A Matter of Risk,
by Roy Varner and Wayne Collier (1978); and
Rising Tide: The Untold Story of the Russian Submarines,
by Gary E. Weir and Walter J. Boyne (2003).

302  
There is a small, but revealing:
George H. W. Bush, Memorandum for the Record, “Meeting with the President, Oval Office, December 1, 1976,” dated December 2, 1976, declassified January 2001.

303 Time
magazine in its:
“Submarine Snatch,”
Time
.

304  
Project Jennifer was so wrapped:
A former U.S. government intelligence analyst who worked on Project Jennifer told the author: “You don’t need to tell many lies to successfully hide an incident. The lies just have to be believable, and they need to be told over and over again. In this case, they only needed three. One, the submarine was on the bottom in one piece. Two, the claw cracked and all but the forward section fell back to the bottom of the ocean. Three, the submarine sank at 40° N latitude, 180° W longitude. No matter what information leaked out afterward, if these three lies were believed, nobody would ever discover the truth.” Interviewed in New York City, November 2001, on condition of anonymity.

305  
The fact that this “mad” proliferation:
The
Federal’naya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti,
abbreviated FSB, is known as the Federal Security Service in the United States. See “Intelligence Resource Program,” Federation of American Scientists: http://fas.org/irp/world/russia/fsb/

306  
The government’s defense:
Case Summary,
Military Audit Project
v.
Casey et al.
(see Chapter 21).

307  
The FOIA case was brought:
Case Summary,
Phillippi
v.
CIA
(Turner et al.), U.S. Court of Appeals, 211 U.S. App. D.C. 95, June 25, 1981 (decided).

308  
This Glomar exception:
Assistant Solicitor, Office of U.S. Solicitor General, Glomar Responses to FOIA Requests, memorandum of September 4, 1998.

309  
The world knew:
Robert M. Gates,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate
Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How they Won the Cold War
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), pp. 553–54.

310  
But even this goodwill:
Margaret Shapiro, “Gates Meets Yeltsin in Kremlin; Director Details Secret Savaging of Soviet Sub,”
Washington Post,
October 17, 1992, p. 14.

311  
The two presidents announced:
“History of the U.S.-Russia Joint Commission on POWs and MIAs,” Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, February 5, 2003 (accessed February 27, 2003): http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/tfr/tfrhist.html

312  
Ambassador Toon addressed:
Minutes of the Sixth Plenary Session, USRJC, Moscow, August 31, 1993.

313  
The meeting ended angrily:
Minutes of the Eighth Plenary Session, USRJC, Washington, D.C., February 28, 1994.

314  
The photograph was reportedly:
Mormul,
Accidents Under Water,
p. 294.

315  
The Tenth Plenary:
Minutes of the Tenth Plenary Session, USRJC, Moscow, August 31, 1994.

316  
In the Eleventh Plenary:
Minutes of the Eleventh Plenary Session, USRJC, Washington, D.C., December 7, 1994.

317  
The ever more bitter:
Minutes of the Sixteenth Plenary Session, USRJC, Moscow, November 9, 1999.

318  
“Russia’s initial suspicion”:
Burns, “Russians Suspicious of U.S. in Sub.”

319  
In 1968, the Pacific Fleet:
CIA, NIE, May 16, 1968 (see Chapter 5).

320  
The new official version:
Golosov, open letter.

321  
Another memorial:
Irina Zhuravina, interviews conducted in Moscow.

322  
The official silence:
Ed Offley, military reporter,
Seattle Post-Intelligencer,
May 21, 1998.

323  
A year after the end:
Charles Smith, “Russian Navy Still Has Nuclear Punch,”
World Net Daily,
September 6, 2000.

324  
Now, instead of two:
Lewis M. Simons, “Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Ominous New Chapter Opens on the Twentieth Century’s Ugliest Legacy,”
National Geographic Magazine,
November 2002, pp. 18–19. The author is a freelance writer who won the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting.

325  
Terrorist states are eagerly:
Sharon Jayson, “Virtual State of Terrorism,”
Austin American Statesman,
December 2, 2002, sec. B, p. 1.

326  
Russian Federation:
Associated Press, “Report Warns of Nuclear Threat,”
Dallas Morning News,
March 13, 2003, sec. A, p. 5.

327  
The stated aim of al-Qaeda:
Bill Gertz, “Terrorists Aim at Pearl Harbor,”
Washington Times,
March 3, 2003.

328  
There is more than ample proof:
Vernon Loeb, staff writer, “New Bases Reflect Shift in Military,”
Washington Post,
June 9, 2003, p. 1.

329  
The three largest powers:
Hutchinson,
Jane’s Submarines,
Appendix 1, pp. 204–14.

330  
Many of those are advanced:
Christopher Drew, author of
Blind Man’s Bluff,
interviewed by Jeff Stein, in “Submariners: Heights of Risk, Depths of Courage,”
New York Times on the Web,
December 31, 1998.

331  
The Defense Intelligence Agency:
Glenn Kessler, “N. Korea Nuclear Estimate to Rise,”
Washington Post,
April 28, 2004, p. 1.

332  
In addition, the CIA:
Edith M. Lederer, AP writer, “U.S. Rates Chance of al-Qaeda WMD Attack,” AP wire, June 10, 2003.

333  
As ludicrous as it sounds:
Andrew Selsky, Associated Press writer, “Drug Smugglers Obtain Submarine,” AP wire, September 8, 2000.

334  
China’s aggressive development:
George Gedda, AP writer, “Bush Looks to China for Aid,”
Dallas Morning News,
October 18, 2002, p. 1A.

335  
In the event of another coup:
“The Ally of Evil,” Foreign Affairs in
Atlantic Monthly,
June 2003, p. 34.

336  
Robert Baer, a twenty-two-year veteran:
Robert Baer, “The Fall of the House of Saud,”
Atlantic Monthly,
May 2003, pp. 53–55.

337  
The threat that stateless:
The National Security Strategy of September (NSS 2002) of George Walker Bush, released by the White House on September 17, 2002.

338  
Only a fail-safe device:
Bill Keller, “The Thinkable,”
New York Times Magazine,
May 4, 2003, p. 50.

al-Qaeda

Andropov, Yuri: death of, as General Secretary; and K-129 plot, as KGB head; and Moscow Mini Crisis; and Soviet-U.S. relations, Suslov’s relationship with

antiballistic missile (ABM) systems

antiballistic missile (ABM) treaties

Army, Soviet

ballistic missile submarines, Soviet,
See also specific class or vessel

ballistic missiles: sea-launched,
See also
antiballistic (ABM) systems; ballistic missile submarines, Soviet; defense systems, U.S.;
type of missile

bell, K-129

Boresight network

Brezhnev, Leonid; and change in naval procedures; and China-Soviet relations; and K–129 plot, knowledge of K-129 of, military buildup by; and Nixon administration, power of; and SALT; and Suslov

Broad, William J.

Burleson, Clyde W.

Bush, George H.W.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): and al-Qaeda; and China-Soviet relations; and Colby autobiography; and collisions of Soviet-U.S. Navy vessels, covert operations of; and distribution of information about k-129; and Ford administration; and Forty Committee; and
Halibut
findings; and Hughes, KGB as rival of, lawsuits against; and Nixon administration, PDB of; and Soviet internal power struggle; and Soviet submarine buildup; and Soviet targets; and Suslov, takeover of submarine intelligence program by; and USRJC; and Zuev’s diary,
See also Glomar Explorer
Project Jennifer

Cherepanov, Sergey

China: atomic bomb test by, Cultural Revolution in, internal politics in; and K-129 plot, military buildup in, missile technology development in, modernization of navy in; and Nixon administration, as nuclear power, in post–Cold War world; and secrecy surrounding Project Jennifer, shipyards in, Soviet military aid to; and Soviet military buildup, Soviet relations with, submarines of; and Suslov, as threat to Soviet Union, as threat to U.S., U.S. consideration of preemptive nuclear strike against; and U.S. defense plans, U.S. fear of attack from, U.S. gives intelligence of Soviet military operations to, U.S. relations with, U.S. surveillance of; and Vietnam War,
See also
Mao Tse-tung

cipher room: in K-129

Clementine claw

Clift, Denis

codes/codebooks

Colby, William

Congress, U.S.

conning tower, k-129

control center, K-129

cover-up/disinformation: and China as threat to U.S., courts condone CIA’s, by DIA; and DIA probability assessment, by DOD, extent of U.S., about
Glomar Explorer
, about
Halibut
’s findings; and lawsuits, about location of K-129 wreckage; and media; and Project Jennifer/
Glomar Explorer
; and Soviet spy ships, by Soviets; and USRJC; and Watergate,
See also
leaks

Craven, John Piña

crew members: of
Glomar Explorer
, of Golf submarines,
See also
officers, Soviet naval; political officers; submariners, Soviet

crew members, K-129: awards and honors for, bodies of, burial of; and DIA probability assessment; and explosion on k-129, furloughs for; and
Halibut
’s photographs; and hypothesis about last days of k-129, lack of Soviet explanation about; and last voyage of k-129, living conditions for, manifest of, morale among, motives of, officers as, overview about, personal items belonging to, privileges for, replacement, reputation of; and retrofitting of k-129; and size of crew,
See also
mystery men;
specific person

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Deep Submergence Systems Project (DSSP)

defection scenario

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA): and CIA takeover of submarine intelligence program, conclusions about K-129 of; and cover-up of K-129 explosion, Craven on Scientific Advisory Board of, dissemination of k-129, analysis by; and Forty Committee, founding of; and items recovered from k-129, K-129 investigation by, and North Korea, probability assessment by; and
Pueblo
incident, search for K-129 by; and Soviet knowledge of U.S. information about k-129; and Soviet search for k-129; and
Teritu
’s findings; and U.S. defense plans; and U.S. surveillance/tracking of Soviet submarines; and Vietnam War,
See also
Deep Submergence Systems Project (DSSP); Defense Intelligence Estimate (DIE)

Defense Intelligence Estimate (DIE)

defense systems, U.S.
See also specific plan

Department of Defense (DOD), U.S.,
See also
Defense Intelligence Agency; Defense Intelligence Estimate

deterrence policy

diary, Zuev

diesel-electric submarines,
See also
Golf-class submarines; K-129

Dobrynin, Anatoly

Drew, Annette L.

Drew, Christopher

Dygalo, Viktor A.

fail-safe systems

fishing trawlers, Soviet

Ford (Gerald R.) administration

Forty Committee

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

gas explosion theory

Gates, Robert M.

George Washington
, USS

Germany

Global Marine, Inc.

Glomar Challenger

Glomar Explorer
: construction of, cover stories and disinformation about, crew members of, design and characteristics of, dumping of K-129 material by; and Ford administration,
Glomar Challenger
as similar to, Hughes as builder of, items recovered from K-129 by, lawsuits about; and media, mission of, ore mining story about; and political patronage, post–K-129 activities of, recovery of K-129 by, secrecy surrounding, and Soviet spy ships; and USRJC, working conditions on,
See also
Project Jennifer

Golf submarines, Soviet: assignment of early, Chinese, crew members of; and Cuban Missile Crisis, design and capabilities of, as first-line weapons of Pacific Fleet, functions of, improvements on original; and K-129 plot, launch systems for, as major threat in Pacific, navigation systems on, ramming of, retrofitting of, takeover of, as threat to other nations, U.S. concerns about nuclear attack involving, U.S. stalking of, weapons on,
See also
diesel-electric submarines; Golf II submarines; K-129

Golf II submarines, Soviet,
See also
K-129

Golosov, Rudolf A.

Gorbachev, Mikhail

Gorshkov, Georgievich

Gorshkov, Sergey G.

Haig, Alexander

Halibut
, USS: and books about Project Jennifer, commendations for members of, design and construction of; and DIE of k-129, findings from K-129 of; and gas explosion theory; and location of K-129 wreckage, at Pearl Harbor, photographs by; and probability assessment by DIA, and Project Jennifer, search and discovery of K-129 by, secrecy about; and Vladivostok surveillance

Hawaii: and K-129 plot; and K-129’s last voyage, and location of K-129 wreckage, potential effects of nuclear explosion on; and Sea Spider system, Soviet submarine patrols off, as Soviet target; and U.S. defense plans, U.S. listening stations surrounding,
See also
Leeward Islands; Pearl Harbor

Helms, Richard

Hersh, Seymour

Hotel-class submarines, Soviet

Huchthausen, Peter

Hughes, Howard

Hughes Mining Barge (HMB-1)

Hughes Tool Company

Hunters Point Navy Shipyard (California)

intelligence, Soviet: and China, competition between U.S. and, estimation of U.S. spy technology by, fishing trawlers used for, and K-129 departure, and K-129 plot, Kobzar investigation by; and location of K-129 wreckage; and Project Jennifer; and
Pueblo
and special operations units; and U.S. fear of China; and U.S. information about k-129; and U.S. role in missing k-129; and versions about sinking of k-129; and Walker,
See also
KGB

intelligence, U.S.: and capability of Soviet submarines; and cause of K-129 sinking; and China as threat to U.S.; and Chinese missile technology, competition between Soviet and; and defense plans; and inter-service rivalries; and K-129 plot; and Kissinger; and location of K-129 explosion; and mission of k-129; and search for k-129; and U.S. fear of China; and USJRC; and versions about sinking of k-129; and Zuev diary,
See also
Central Intelligence Agency; Defense Intelligence Agency; Defense Intelligence Estimate; intelligence, U.S. Navy/military; National Intelligence Estimate

intelligence, U.S. Navy/military: and books about Project Jennifer; and China-U.S. relations, and CIA takeover of submarine intelligence program, finding of K-129 by; and HMB-1 barge; and Nixon administration; and Project Jennifer, reaction to missing K-129 by; and search for k-129; and Soviet shipbuilding, surveillance/tracking of K-129 by; and
Teritu
’s findings; and USRJC,
See also
Defense Intelligence Agency; listening posts, U.S.

intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM)

International Date Line

Japan

Johnson (Lyndon B.) administration; and China; and commendations for
Halibut
crew; and DIA probability assessment; and elections of 1968, national emergency declared by; and nuclear arms limitation treaty; and
Pueblo
incident; and U.S. defense systems, and Vietnam War

Joint Commission on POW/MIAs (USRJC)

K-19 (Soviet submarine)

K-129 (Soviet ballistic missile submarine): acoustical fingerprint of, cause of sinking of, crew manifest for, damage to, defection scenario about, design and characteristics of, dismantling of, explosion and sinking of, gas explosion theory about, hypothesis of last days of, importance of finding, indications of problems aboard, items recovered from, last voyage of, living conditions on, as means for U.S. to blackmail Soviets, missions in 1967 and early 1968 of, myths about missing; and Nixon’s foreign policy successes, as officially listed as lost at sea, orders for, plot/plotters of, preparation for missile launch from, reassembling of, retrofitting of, as rogue submarine, route of, selection of officers for, Soviet denials about sinking of, Soviet investigations about, Soviet knowledge about U.S. files on, Soviet “official” ignoring of crew size on; and Soviet power struggle, Soviet reaction to aberrant behavior of, Soviet search for, Soviet tracking of, Soviet’s “official” cause of sinking of, threat assessment of, U.S. blamed for sinking of, U.S. finds, U.S. gives Soviets information about, U.S. mock-ups of, U.S. search for, U.S. surveillance/tracking of, weapons on,
See also specific person or topic

Kalugin, Oleg

Kamchatka Flotilla
See also specific person or division

Kamchatka Peninsula,
See also
Rybachiy Naval Base

Keeny, Spurgeon

KGB: Andropov as head of; and China-Soviet relations; and Chinese missile technology, CIA as rival of, and Cuban Missile Crisis, as custodian of nuclear warheads, and Czechoslovakia functions of, as guards for 26 Kutuzovsky Prospekt, headquarters of; and K-129 departure; and K-129 plot; and Kissinger, leadership of, military relations with; and Moscow Mini Crisis, at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, radical control of, recruitment for; and restrictions on information in Russia; and secrecy surrounding k-129; and Soviet investigation of K-129 mission, special operations units of, and Suslov, and
Swordfish
repairs; and takeover of submarines; and U.S. fear of possible Chinese attack; and U.S. naval codes; and Walker,
See also
intelligence, Soviet; mystery men

Khrushchev, Nikita

Kissinger, Henry: back-channel diplomacy of, and Brezhnev; and China/Mao; and Dobrynin; and Ford administration, and Forty Committee, and K-129 information, and KGB, Nixon’s relationship with; and Project Jennifer; and recovery of k-129, security responsibilities of; and triangulation of foreign policy

Kobzar, Vladimir Ivanovich: authority of, as commander of k-129; and Communist Party, family of, honors and awards for, indoctrination of and K-129’s last voyage, loyalty of, and manifest for k-129; and mystery men, as “new Soviet man”; and orders for k-129, personal background of, personality of, professional career of, reputation of; and retrofitting of k-129, role in rogue attack of, selection as submariner of; and takeover of k-129; and U.S. surveillance/tracking of k-129, Zhuravin as replacement for

Kursk
(Soviet submarine)

launch systems