Roosevelt (119 page)

The People at War.
Roosevelt on the women’s diffidence, Oct. 12, 1942: PPA, 1942, p. 420. For intra-administration views of labor-management production efforts, see Hillman to Roosevelt, Feb. 18, 1942; Addes to Nelson, Dec. 15, 1942; Nelson to Addes, Dec. 28, 1942, OF 407; see also OF 4451 (Requisitioning). Hillman’s situation: Frankfurter to Roosevelt, March 20, 1942, Freedman, pp. 652-654; Josephson, pp. 577-586;
Industrial Mobilization for War,
pp. 246-248, 265-266; Nelson, chap. 16. The new union security formula: J. M. Burns, “Maintenance of Membership: A Study in Administrative Statesmanship,”
Journal of Politics,
Feb. 1948, pp. 101-116. As an interesting possible example of Roosevelt’s influence on maintenance-of-membership policy, see Roosevelt to Wayne Coy, Dec. 30, 1941, OF 407. FEPC: OF 4245 G, Box 3, has correspondence and other documents on initial FEPC appointments; on later developments, see OF 93 and 4245 G, which includes data on transfer to War Manpower Commission; Smith Diary, FDRL. Stimson’s private views: Stimson to
Alfred E. Stearns, Jan. 30, 1942, Stimson Papers; Stimson Diary, Jan. 24, 1942. Rejection of Negro units: Eisenhower to Marshall, March 25, i948, with marginal comments by Stimson, Arnold Papers, Box 44, Folder 127, LC. Japanese-American relocation situation: Milton Eisenhower to Roosevelt, June 18, 1942, OF 4849. Roosevelt’s term for the camps: PC 853, Oct. 20, 1942. Situation in the camps: Dorothy Swaine Thomas and Richard S. Nishimoto,
The Spoilage
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1946), pp. 38, 40, 45. Propaganda aspect: Elmer Davis to Roosevelt, Oct. 2, 1942, OF 197. Navy attitude: J. H. Newton to Knox, Oct. 15, 1942, OF 4849. German and Italian-Americans: Roosevelt to Herbert Lehman, June 3, 1942, PPF 133; see also enclosure, unsigned, n.d., but presumably Luigi Antonini to Lehman.

Roosevelt’s defense tour: HHP, Box 333, includes planned itinerary; the President’s reports to press, Oct. 1, 1942, and public, Oct. 12, 1942, are in PPA, 1942, pp. 384-396, 416-426. The trip itself: Merriman Smith,
Thank You, Mr. President
(Harper, 1946), pp. 50-56;
Time,
Oct. 12, 1942, pp. 15-17. Margaret Mead’s book was
And Keep Your Powder Dry
(Morrow, 1942); quotations from pp. 161, 167, 174. On the problems of the mobilization effort and the mood of the people, early 1942: Reston, especially chaps. 2, 3, 7, 11.

The Politics of Nonpolitics.
Roosevelt’s comments to the press on forgetting politics: PC 811, March 13, 1942; see also PC 803, Feb. 6, 1942; PPA, 1942, p. 80. Liberal hopes for party realignment:
PM,
Feb. 8, 1942, p. 11. Roosevelt-Willkie relationship: Smith Diary, Feb. 14, 1942, LC (Smith mistakenly cites the Labor Relations Board); Barnard, p. 325. Roosevelt and Willkie’s trip abroad: Roosevelt to Marshall, July 31, l942, PSF, Willkie; see also PL, pp. 1336, 1341-1342; PPA, 1942, pp. 334-335.

Roosevelt to Mary Norton, June 1. l942: PL, p. 1328. Bennett candidacy in New York: Roosevelt to Flynn, Aug. 14, l942, PSF, N.Y. State, Political Folder; see also Hassett, pp. 104-106. Roosevelt and Hamilton Fish: Hassett, pp. 86, 94. Norris candidacy: PPA, l942, p. 433; Roosevelt’s earlier endorsement, Oct. 10, l936: PPA, l936, pp. 431-432; see, generally, Norris Papers, LC. Roosevelt to Norris, Oct. 22, 1942: PL, p. 1357. Willkie trip: Willkie to Roosevelt, Sept. 10, 1942, PSF, Willkie; Clapper Papers, Oct. 30, 1942, Cont. 23, LC. Roosevelt on “typewriter strategists”: PC 849, Oct. 6, 1942; Barnard, pp. 361, 375-377. Cantril data: Cantril Notebook I, pp. 12, 14, 30-32; Cantril to Anna Rosenberg, July 24, Aug. 3, Aug. 17, Sept. 1, 1942,
ibid.
General election situation: Kenneth Crawford, in
PM,
Oct. 5, 1942, p. 3; Clapper interview of Hull, Nov. 23, 1942, Clapper Papers, LC. Election Day at Hyde Park: Hassett, p. 133. Norris’s reaction to his defeat:
The Nation,
Nov. 14, 1942, p. 497.

Roosevelt to King George, Oct. 17, 1942: PL, p. 1354. Stalingrad: Werth, Pt. V; Zhukov, chaps. 9-10; Clark, chaps. 11-12. Stalin on Oct. 1942 as low point: Werth, p. 484. Willkie in Moscow: Werth, p. 485; Davies Papers, Box 12, LC. Guadalcanal: S. E. Morison,
The Struggle for Guadalcanal
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1949); John Miller, Jr.,
Guadalcanal:
The First Offensive
(Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1949). For estimates of the situation by naval authorities in Washington during the battle: Clapper Papers, Nov. 6, 1942 (Adm. King); Nov. to, 1942 (Adms. Ghormley and Home), LC. Roosevelt on low point of Guadalcanal operation: Roosevelt to Queen Wilhelmina, Oct. 17, 1942, PL, p. 1355; Roosevelt to Churchill, Oct. 19, 1942, PL, p. 1356. MacArthur’s warning: MacArthur to Marshall, Oct. 17, 1942, PMRP, Box 17. Roosevelt to Joint Chiefs on reinforcing Guadalcanal: Roosevelt to Leahy, King, Marshall, and Arnold, Oct, 24, 1942, PMRP, Box 17. Roosevelt to Stalin on situation in Solomon Islands: Sherwood, p. 658, and, in paraphrased form,
Correspondence
²
, p. 40.

Thrust Across the Atlantic.
The history of the political-military invasion of North Africa has been well served by historians and participants. General background and significance: William L. Langer,
Our Vichy Gamble
(Knopf, 1947); Robert Aron,
Histoire de Vichy
(Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1954); Geoffrey Warner,
Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France
(Macmillan, 1969); Paul Farmer,
Vichy Political Dilemma
(Columbia University Press, 1955); Kolko, pp. 64-67; Maisky, pp. 278-289; Woodward, chap. 10. Military operations: I. S. O. Playfair and C. J. C. Molony,
The Mediterranean and Middle East,
Vol. IV,
The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa
(London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1966); Howe; Morison
²
. Participants’ reports: Macmillan; Robert Murphy,
Diplomat Among Warriors
(Doubleday, 1964); de Gaulle, chaps. 1-3; Eisenhower; Mark W. Clark,
Calculated Risk
(Harper, 1950); Harry C. Butcher,
My Three Years with Eisenhower
(Simon and Schuster, 1946). On de Gaulle and North Africa, see also Viorst. Strategic aspects of invasion: Fuller, pp. 240-243. On United States relations with Vichy, see Roosevelt-William D. Leahy correspondence, ABCD File, FDRL. For a detailed estimate of the Vichy situation by Leahy, see Leahy to Roosevelt, Nov. 22, 1941, ABCD File, FDRL. See, generally, Davies Papers, Nov. 2-15, 1942 Folder, Box 12, LC.

Misgivings about the North African enterprise: Marshall to Leahy and King, 8/17/42, WDCSA/381 Torch, AR; Arnold to Hopkins, Sept. 3, 1942, Arnold Papers, Box 43, LC; Matloff, pp. 236-239, 290; Bryant
¹
, pp. 403-406; OCS 21384-3, AR; Stimson Diary, Box 39; Stimson and Bundy, p. 426. Repercussions of
TORCH
on other theaters: Pogue
¹
, p. 410; Bryant
²
, p. 407. Stalin’s doubts on political aspects: Sherwood, p. 618. Murphy’s military knowledge: Murphy, p. 103. Eisenhower’s political grasp: Eisenhower, pp. 100, 109. Background of planning: OCS 21384-3, AR. Churchill-Roosevelt exchange in the planning of
TORCH:
Churchill
⁴
, pp. 530-543; Bryant
²
, pp. 398-403. Key quotes have been taken from the full messages. Measuring opinion in Africa: Hadley Cantril, “Evaluating the Probable Reactions to the Landing in North Africa in 1942: A Case Study,”
Public Opinion Quarterly,
Fall 1965, pp. 400-410. Roosevelt to Marshall on timing of invasion: Pogue
¹
, p. 402. Roosevelt’s instruction to Murphy: Murphy, pp. 102, 106. Murphy’s relations with French leaders: Murphy, p. 118. French African political situation: McNeill, pp. 203-209. Anxieties on the eve of invasion: Stimson Diary; Pogue
¹
, pp. 398, 416; Langer, p. 354.
Eisenhower’s earlier discouragement: Eisenhower to Marshall, Oct. 10, 1942, 381 Torch, AR. Early’s remark: conference with Marshall, Nov. 15, 1942, Clapper Papers, LC. Roosevelt’s reception of the news of the landing: Tully, p. 264.

To Walk with the Devil.
Reflections on the “luck” of the African enterprise, by an old military observer: J. C. Smuts (writing from Chequers) to Roosevelt, Nov. 15, 1942, PSF, Union of South Africa. Roosevelt’s letter to troops: copy in PSF, War Department File. Roosevelt’s broadcast in French: Butcher, p. 174; PPA, 1942, pp. 451-452; Morison
²
, p. 71; see also Frankfurter to Roosevelt, April 16, 1942, Freedman, p. 656. Exchange of messages between Roosevelt and Pétain: PPA, 1942, pp. 455-457; see also Leahy to Welles, Nov. 5, 1942, 740.001 EW 1939/25712, SD; Warner, chap. 10. Casablanca “fire-away Flannagan”: Morison
²
, p. 91. Generally, on the landings, see Morison
²
and Howe. Roosevelt’s “promise” to Giraud: McNeill, pp. 205, 246-247, and sources cited therein. The American military and politics: Butcher, p. 165; Mark Clark, pp. 107, 121, 133, 138. Darlan’s situation: Clark, pp. 109-110, has part of the transcript of the Clark-Darlan exchange. Roosevelt to Churchill on Giraud and Darlan, Nov. 11, 1942: 740.0011 EW 1939, SD. See, generally, volumes cited in notes for previous section of this chapter. Marshall’s and Eisenhower’s defense of Darlan dealing: conference with Marshall, Nov. 15, 1942, Clapper Papers, LC.

Freda Kirchwey quotation:
The Nation,
Nov. 21, 1942, pp. 529-530;
ibid.,
Nov. 28, 1942, pp. 559-560. Churchill to Eden on de Gaulle: Eden, pp. 350-351; see also Nicolson, pp. 262-267. Stimson and the liberals: Stimson Diary, Nov. 16, 1942, Box 41; Blum
²
, pp. 148-150; Freedman, p. 681. Stimson’s call to Willkie: Stimson,
ibid.;
Barnard, pp. 391-394. De Gaulle and the Darlan deal: Viorst, p. 124. Churchill and North African politics: Churchill
⁴
, pp. 639-640. Roosevelt’s military calculations: Langer, pp. 359-360; Sherwood, p. 651. Military losses in invasion: Howe, p. 173. Churchill on the critics: Churchill
⁴
, p. 641. Military advice to Roosevelt to deal with Darlan: Marshall to Roosevelt, n.d.; Marshall to Roosevelt, Nov. 26, 1942, both in 381 Torch, AR. Morgenthau’s complaint to Roosevelt: Blum
²
, pp. 150-151. Roosevelt on walking with the Devil: he quoted the saying slightly differently each time; I have used his comment to the press conference, Nov. 17, 1942, PPA, 1942, p. 479. Stalin and
his
proverb: Sherwood, p. 651. A later critique both of the dealings with Vichy in North Africa and of Langer’s treatment of them: Louis Gottschalk, “Our Vichy Fumble,”
Journal of Modern History,
March 1948, pp. 47-56. Later military developments, North Africa: Howe.

Roosevelt: A Turning Point?
Hassett on Roosevelt: Hassett, p. 145. Roosevelt on the “Star-Spangled Banner” without frills: Roosevelt to Capt. John L. McCrea, Aug. 31, 1942, PL, p. 1343. Roosevelt on second helps: Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 7, 1942, PL, p. 1352. Roosevelt and King: King and Whitehill, p. 412. Hyde Park diaries: Roosevelt to Mrs. Theodore Douglas Robinson, Nov. 19, 1942, PL, pp. 1368-1369. Dining with Ickes: Roosevelt to Ickes, Dec. 4, 1942, PL, p. 1376. Coffeeless breakfasts: Roosevelt to Fred Allen, Dec. 28, 1942, PPF 8275. Roosevelt’s French:
Grace Tully to Herbert Bayard Swope, Dec. 1, 1942, PL, pp. 1374-1375 (the memorandum was obviously written by Roosevelt himself). Eleanor Roosevelt’s planned trip to Great Britain: Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, Oct. 16, 1942, PL, pp. 1353-1355. Roosevelt at Thanksgiving service: Lilienthal, pp. 562-563. Roosevelt on the second front: Roosevelt to Josephus Daniels, Nov. 10, 1942, PL, pp. 1362-1363. George Fielding Eliot on Roosevelt as strategist:
Time,
Dec. 7, 1942, p. 21. Lilienthal at the White House: Lilienthal, pp. 566, 570-572. New Year’s Eve gathering: Sherwood, p. 665; Rosenman, p. 365.

Roosevelt on telling off Congress: Lilienthal, p. 571. Preparing message to Congress: Rosenman, p. 366. Public opinion favoring conciliation: Cantril Notebook I, pp. 90-96. The address, Jan. 7, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 21-34. Roosevelt and Clare Boothe Luce: PL, pp. 1390-1391. Roosevelt to McCormack, n.d.: PL, p. 1389. Roosevelt and Henry Luce: Roosevelt to Welles, Dec. 28, 1942, 811.917 Time/128, SD.

The Gaming Board of Strategy.
Quotation from President’s 1943 message to Congress, Jan. 7, 1943: PPA, 1943, p. 22. Hitler on leaving the Volga: quoted in Shirer, p. 1210. On Hitler’s strategic situation: Higgins; Warlimont; Trevor-Roper; Shirer. Atlantic sinkings: Roosevelt to Marshall and to King, March 18, 1943, PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, Box 31. Stalin to Churchill on suspension of convoys:
Correspondence
¹
, p. 72. Stalin’s public questioning of second-front absence: Stalin, pp. 61, 64; Werth, p. 491. Stalin on war progress in Africa:
Correspondence
¹
, p. 75; Werth, p. 491. Stalin on “basic blows”: quoted in Higgins, p. 149, from Raymond Garthoff,
Soviet Military Doctrine
(Glencoe, 111.: The Free Press, 1953), p. 130. Brooke on Stalin as strategist: Bryan
²
, pp. 460-465; see also Churchill
⁴
, p. 582. Churchill on plans for after Africa: Churchill
⁴
, pp. 649-650. Churchill on Europe: Churchill
⁴
, p. 562.

Roosevelt’s lack of strategic commitment: Roosevelt to Churchill, Nov. 11, 1942, 740.0011 EW 1939/25495 1/3 CF, SD. Churchill’s awareness that
TORCH
precluded
ROUNDUP
in 1943: Churchill
⁴
, pp. 648, 656. (I am using
ROUNDUP
here to include the build-up—
BOLERO—
as well as the actual cross-channel attack.) Issue of Allied planes for Caucasus:
Correspondence
²
, pp. 36 (Roosevelt to Stalin, Oct. 9, 1942), 44 (Roosevelt to Stalin, Dec. 16, 1942), 45 (Stalin to Roosevelt, Dec. 18, 1942); see also Matloff, pp. 329-346. Actual, compared with planned, distribution of American military strength, end of 1942: Matloff, pp. 357-360; see also Maisky, pp. 352-353. Planning for Big Three or Big Two conference: Churchill
⁴
, pp. 662-665 (Roosevelt to Churchill, Nov. 26, 1942; Churchill to Roosevelt, Nov. 26, 1942; Roosevelt to Churchill, Dec. 3, 1942; Churchill to Roosevelt, Dec. 3, 1942);
Correspondence
²
, pp. 42-45 (Roosevelt to Stalin, Dec. 2, 1942; Stalin to Roosevelt, Dec. 6, 1942; Roosevelt to Stalin, Dec. 8, 1942; Stalin to Roosevelt, Dec. 14, 1942). Churchill and second front: Maisky, pp. 351-353. Preparations for Casablanca Conference: Stimson Diary, Jan. 7, 1943; Churchill
⁴
, p. 671; Matloff, pp. 376, 379-380. On specific aspects of
cross-channel, see Harrison, pp. 32-38. Roosevelt’s continued indecision: Sherwood, p. 671; Churchill
⁴
, p. 664; Matloff, p. 363.