Roosevelt (122 page)

Teheran: The Marshal.
Roosevelt’s trip from Cairo to Teheran: “Log,” FRUS,
Cairo-Teheran,
pp. 459-460; Leahy, p. 202; Reilly, pp. 176-177; Leahy Diary, Nov. 27, 1943, LC. Arrangements in Teheran: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 463-464; Reilly, pp. 177-179. Assassination plot: Laslo Havas,
Hitler’s Plot to Kill the Big Three
(Cowles, 1969); Viktor Yegorov, “The Plot Against Eureka,” in
Soldiers of Invisible Battles
(Moscow: 1969); Yakovlev, Pt. II; Berezhkov, Pt. I. Roosevelt’s first meeting with Stalin: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 483-486; Elliott Roosevelt, p. 176; see also PPA, 1943, p. 558. First plenary session: FRUS,
ibid.,
p. 487; Arnold, p. 465. The bulk of the
remainder of this section is drawn from FRUS,
Cairo-Teheran;
Ehrman
¹
, chaps. 4-5; Yakovlev; Bryant
¹
, pp. 68-101; and Berezhkov, Pts. II-V. The FRUS minutes were drawn from two prime sources: a record kept by Bohlen, the interpreter; and Joint Chiefs of Staff Minutes. FRUS,
Cairo-Teheran,
pp. xi-xxi, explains the scope and limitations of the official records of Cairo and Teheran. Stalin on future Soviet intervention against Japan: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 489, 499-500; Ehrman
¹
, p. 173. Roosevelt’s interest in operations at the head of the Adriatic: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 489, 499, 503; Sherwood, p. 780. Turkish situation: FRUS,
ibid.,
505; Churchill
⁵
, p. 355. Roosevelt’s illness after first dinner: Eden, p. 427; Leahy Diary, Nov. 28, 1943, LC; Moran, p. 150. Stalin on unconditional surrender: FRUS,
ibid.,
p. 513; Sherwood, p. 783; the Minutes suggest that Roosevelt may have left the after-dinner discussion by the time Stalin mentioned unconditional surrender; Roosevelt later stated to Hull that the matter had not been raised at Teheran in his presence: Roosevelt to Hull, Dec. 23, 1943, PSF, Hull Folder, pp. 2-43. Churchill quoting Hopkins on Roosevelt: Moran, p. 150. Roosevelt’s private meeting with Stalin: Churchill
⁵
, p. 363; Sherwood, p. 784; Moran, p. 146. Sword of Stalingrad ceremony: King and Whitehill, pp. 519-520; Arnold, pp. 467-468; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 180-182; Perkins, p. 85. Roosevelt’s toast: FRUS,
ibid.,
p. 585; Arnold Papers, Box 42, LC; Yakovlev, Pt. II.

Roosevelt to Perkins on playing up to Stalin: Perkins, pp. 83-85; Berezhkov emphasizes Roosevelt’s rapport with Stalin and popularity with the Soviet delegation. Roosevelt to Stalin on Polish situation: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 594-596; later discussion of Poland:
ibid.,
pp. 596-604, 837-838. Teheran in summary: Smith, chap. 4. Teheran communiqué and declaration: PPA, 1943, p. 533; drafts are in OF 4675 (Teheran Conference). Roosevelt on Turkish point of view: FRUS,
ibid.,
p. 698, 713. Change of plans for Bay of Bengal: FRUS,
ibid.,
p. 706; Ehrman
¹
, pp. 183-193; Stilwell, pp. 251-255; Sherwood, p. 801; Elliott Roosevelt, p. 207. Chiang’s response: Chiang to Roosevelt, received Dec. 9, 1943, in Romanus and Sunderland
¹
, pp. 74-75; also in PMRP, Box 210, Sextant. Eisenhower’s appointment: Sherwood, p. 803; Stimson Diary, Dec. 16, 17, 1943; Churchill
⁵
, pp. 413 ff. ; Eisenhower, pp. 235-236. Visit to Sphinx: Churchill
⁵
, p. 419; Film 208 UN 82, NA. Churchill’s rendition of “Barbara Fritchie”: Sherwood, p. 729; Churchill
⁴
, pp. 795-796. Churchill on Russians: Arnold, p. 474. Roosevelt’s return trip: Stimson Diary, Dec. 17, 1943; Film 208 UN 82, NA; Rosenman, p. 411. Roosevelt’s Christmas Eve address: PPA, 1943, pp. 553-562. Roosevelt on lack of civilization: Roosevelt to Frankfurter, Dec. 23, 1943, Freedman, p. 709.

Quotations and references are, respectively, to Smith Diary, Dec. 11, 1943, FDRL; leading politician,
Time,
Dec. 20, 1943, pp. 13-15;
The Nation,
Dec. 18, 1943, pp. 720-723. Max Lerner,
PM,
Dec. 20, 1943, p. 2; TRB,
The New Republic,
Dec. 27, 1943, p. 914.
A Second Bill of Rights.
Roosevelt’s mood on returning from Teheran:
Rosenman, p. 421. Roosevelt’s post-press conference remark on no need for a New Deal:
Time,
Jan. 3, 1944, p. 14; his remarks at the next press conference on Dr. New Deal and Dr. Win-the-War: PC 929, Dec. 28, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 569-575 (checked against PC transcripts, indicating only slight differences). State of the Union address, Jan. 11, 1944: preparation: Rosenman, pp. 417-427; Freedman, pp. 715-717; text: PPA, 1944, pp. 32-42 (checked against recording of radio address as given, which varied slightly in wording and emphasis). The economic bill of rights as culminating concept in American ideological development: James MacGregor Burns,
Presidential Government
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), chap. 7, and works cited therein.

Wheeler on the barons: cited in Burns,
Roosevelt,
pp. 341-342. State Department planning on postwar security organization: Harley Notter,
Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation
(Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1949), chaps. 8-10. Fulbright Resolution: Fulbright to Roosevelt, June 26, 1943, SD, NA; Hull, pp. 1262-1263. Roosevelt’s cautiousness on postwar security planning: Hull to Roosevelt, Sept. 9, 1943; Roosevelt to Hull, Sept. 16, 1943, PSF, Hull Folder, 2-43. Roosevelt’s colloquy with reporters, Oct. 29, 1943: PC 924; PPA, 1943, pp. 460-461. Vandenberg on Mackinac conference: Vandenberg, p. 59. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration: PPA, 1943 (Nov. 9, 1943), p. 503; see also PC 926, Nov. 9, 1943. Go-ahead to Hull on planning: Hull, p. 1649.

The Revolt of the Barons.
Roosevelt and the servicemen’s vote: message to Congress, Jan. 25, 1944, PPA, 1944-45, pp. 53-60; congressional reaction: Drury, pp. 45, 60-61;
Congressional Record,
Vol. 90, Pt. 1, Jan. 26, 1966, pp. 706-740, 745ff.;
Time,
Feb. 7, 1944, p. 13. Legislative action: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 111-116. Lilienthal’s trials: Lilienthal, pp. 627, 630, 632. National service law: Stimson and Bundy, pp. 483-484; PPA, 1944-45, p. 39 (State of the Union message, Jan. 11, 1944); Rosenman, pp. 421-424.

Background of tax bill: Paul; Blum
²
, chap. 2; J. M. Burns, “Congress and the Formation of Economic Policies,” chap. 5, “The Revenue Act of 1943” (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1947). Byrnes quoted in Blum
²
, p. 75. Barkley’s role: Barkley, chap. 12; interview with Alben W. Barkley, Reel 5, Side 1, HSTL. Roosevelt’s veto message, Feb. 22, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 80-83. Congressional reaction: Drury, pp. 87-91. Barkley’s speech:
Congressional Record,
Vol. 90, Pt. 2, Feb. 23, 1944, pp. 1964-1966. Roosevelt’s reaction: Roosevelt to Mackenzie King, Feb. 28, 1944, PSF, Canada, 1-44; Byrnes, pp. 111-212; Hassett, pp. 235-236; Roosevelt to Sherman Minton, March 1, 1944, PSF, Box 52. Roosevelt’s letter to Barkley: PSF, Senate Folder, 4-40. Barkley’s resignation and redesignation: Drury, pp. 91-93. Roosevelt’s timber-cutting and taxes: Hassett, p. 237. On the considerable comment at the time on Roosevelt’s approach to Congress, see, especially, James Wechsler,
PM,
Feb. 27, 1944, p. 3. Bob Hope’s comment:
Time,
March 13, 1944, p. 12.

The Suction Pump.
Roosevelt on the long road ahead, March 8, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp. 99-100. The strategic situation in the Mediterranean: Ehrman
¹
, chaps. 6-7; Matloff, chap. 18. Churchill’s view: Churchill
⁵
, pp. 426-427, source of quotation, p. 429. Roosevelt-Churchill exchange on
Anzio, Dec. 28, 1943: Churchill
⁵
, pp. 440-441. General developments in Italy: W. G. F. Jackson,
The Battle for Italy
(Harper, 1967), pp. 182-201. German reaction to Anzio: Marshall to Roosevelt, Jan. 28, 1944, PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, Box 13. Roosevelt on Anzio situation: PC 935, Feb. 11, 1944. Churchill on same: Churchill
⁵
, p. 488. Question of abandoning or postponing
ANVIL:
Matloff, pp. 416-426; Ehrman
¹
, pp. 241-242. Unconditional surrender: Matloff, pp. 428-432; retrospective statement by Eisenhower, NYT, Dec. 21, 1964, p. 6; Hull, pp. 1574-1582; Roosevelt to Joint Chiefs of Staff, April 1, 1944, quoted in Matloff, p. 431. Roosevelt to Hull on not making exceptions, April 5, 1944: Hull, p. 1577. Roosevelt to Hull on Germans, April 1, 1944: Hull, p. 1576. Roosevelt and the plight of the Jews: Blum
²
, pp. 220-221; cf. Hull, pp. 1538-1540; Long, pp. 334-337. Roosevelt on Long: quoted by Morgenthau in Blum
²
, p. 221; see also Arthur D. Morse,
While Six Million Died
(Random House, 1967), pp. 90-97 (Morse later interviewed Pehle). Creation of War Refugee Board, Jan. 22, 1944: PPA, 1944-45, pp.48-50. Roosevelt on Palestine: Blum
²
, pp. 224-227. Emergency refugee shelters: Roosevelt to Congress, June 12, 1944. PPA, 1944-45. pp. 168-171.

The Pacific plan is well laid out in Ehrman
¹
, pp. 421-423. Army operations in Makin and Kwajalein are described in Philip A. Crowl and Edmund G. Love,
Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls
(Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1955); also American Forces in Action Series,
Makin
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946). Tarawa: Robert Sherrod,
Tarawa
(Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1944); James R. Stockman,
The Battle for Tarawa
(Washington, DC: Historical Section, Marine Corps, 1947). Admiralties: American Forces in Action Series,
The Admiralties: Operations of the 1st Cavalry Division
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945). Churchill on the Pacific plan: Ehrman
¹
, pp. 439, 448. Roosevelt’s position: Roosevelt to Churchill, Feb. 25, 1944, Churchill
⁵
, pp. 561-562; Leahy draft is in PMRP, Box 14. Chennault’s views: Chennault to Roosevelt, Jan. 26, 1944; Chennault to Hopkins, Feb. 8, 1944, Pacific File, FDRL. Roosevelt’s response: Roosevelt to Chennault, March 15, 1944, Pacific File, FDRL. Background of development of air power and operations in Europe: Craven and Cate, Vol. II, chaps. 20-21; Vol.III, chaps. 2-3; Arnold, chap. 26. Inflated reports: Craven and Cate, Vol. II, p. 711; Arnold Papers, Boxes 43, 45, LC; Noble Frankland,
The Bombing Offensive Against Germany
(London: Faber and Faber, 1965), chap. 2. British intelligence reports: Craven and Cate, Vol. II, p. 708; see also United States Strategic Bombing Survey, cited in Fuller, p. 225.

Noel F. Busch,
What Manner of Man?
(Harper, 1944), pp. 12-17, describes the President in the White House in early 1944. The President’s health during this period and earlier and later: main source is a detailed and informed manuscript by Dr. Howard G. Bruenn (the heart specialist who attended Roosevelt during the last year of the President’s life),
“Clinical Notes on the Illness and Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt,” pp. 1-30, based on Dr. Bruenn’s records and observations. Also consulted: W. G. Eliasberg, “How Long Was Roosevelt Ill Before His Death?,”
Diseases of the Nervous System,
Nov. 1953, pp. 323-328; Noah D. Fabricant, “Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Nose and Throat Ailments,”
The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Monthly,
Feb. 1957, pp. 103-106; Rudolph Marx, “FDR: A Medical History,”
Today’s Health,
April 1961, pp. 54 ff.; James A. Halsted, “F.D.R.s ‘Little Strokes’—A Medical Myth,”
Today’s Health,
Dec. 1962, pp. 53 ff.; Ross McIntire,
White House Physician
(Putnam, 1946); review of Hugh L’Etang,
The Pathology of Leadership
(London, 1969), in
Medical World News
(especially on Roosevelt’s rumored malignant melanoma). On Roosevelt’s health, see, generally, Hassett; Tully; Reilly; Perkins; Jonathan Daniels interview, HSTL; Edith Helm Papers, LC; Herman E. Bateman, “Observations on President Roosevelt’s Health during World War II,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
June 1956, pp. 82-102; see also John T. Flynn, pp. 368, 412. On Roosevelt’s health especially during 1944: Hassett, pp. 233, 242; Perkins, pp. 389-390; Tully, pp. 273-274. Roosevelt at his press conference: Drury, pp. 107-108. Roosevelt at Hobcaw, and afterward: Roosevelt to Hopkins, May 18, 1944, Sherwood, pp. 6-8; Hassett, p. 241; Roosevelt and Shalett, p. 347. Curacao incident: Eleanor Roosevelt to Roosevelt, April 4, 1944; Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt, April 5, 1944, PPF 1063.

Secrecy and “Sedition.”
Stimson’s comment: Stimson Diary, March 15, 1944, May 23, 1944. White House arrangements: Jonathan Daniels interview, pp. 16, 22, 23, 35, 63, HSTL. Blair House: Roosevelt to Hull, Aug. 28, 1942, FW 110.12/326 SD. Byrnes office: Somers, pp. 51-60; Byrnes. Leahy office: Leahy, p. 97. Budget Bureau: Smith Diary, FDRL. Roosevelt-Marshall channels of communication: Cline, pp. 105-106. Hopkins on his condition: Sherwood, p. 805. Roosevelt on Hopkins’s return to Washington: Sherwood, p. 6. Administration “backgrounders” (or “seminars”) for reporters: Clapper Papers, LC. Publication of “secret” war information: Biddle, pp. 248-251. Background of sedition trial: Biddle, chap. 15; the trial itself is vividly described in
Time
(especially May 1, 1944, pp. 17-18) and in
PM.
Montgomery Ward episode: Stimson Diary, April 4, 1944, May
^1,
2, 1944; Biddle, pp. 311-324; PPA, 1944-45, May 9, 1944, pp. 122-125, Dec. 27, 1944, pp. 446-452; Timmons, pp. 343-345.

The White House visitor: interview with Jonathan Daniels, April 13, 1969; see also Moore, p. 323; Hewlett and Anderson, p. 203. Secrecy: Tully, pp. 265-266; Davis; Groves. Keeping atom secret from Congress: Bush to Bundy, Feb. 24, 1944; transcript of telephone conversation, Stimson and Representative Andrew J. May, Nov. 27, 1943, Stimson Papers. Sharing atomic information with Britain: Gowing, chaps. 4-5; Groves, pp. 125-137; Sherwood, p. 704; with Russia: Hewlett and Anderson, pp. 268, 329-330. Bohr’s views: Moore. Bohr to Roosevelt, July 3, 1944: Freedman, pp. 728-735. Frankfurter to Roosevelt, Sept. 8, 1944:
ibid.,
pp. 735-736. Frankfurter’s views:
ibid.,
pp. 723-728; Freedman cited, p. 724. Bohr’s interview with Churchill: Gowing, pp. 354-355; Moore, pp. 342-344; with Roosevelt: Moore, pp. 348-350.
Roosevelt-Churchill conference: Leahy, p. 266; Moore, pp. 351-353.
Aide-memoire
of Sept. 19, 1944: Moore, p. 353; text is from Gowing, p. 447. Indications that Germans were not building the bomb: Churchill
⁶
, p. 148; Stimson Diary, Dec. 13, 1944. Stimson’s notes on meeting with President: Stimson Papers, Aug. 23, 1944.