Roosevelt (121 page)

Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s letter to Stalin: Churchill
⁴
, pp. 812-813;
Correspondence
²
(received June 4, 1943), pp. 67-69. Davies in Moscow: Sulzberger, p. 213. Davies’s report to Roosevelt: Davies Papers, June 3, 1943, LC. Stalin’s letter agreeing to meet in July or August:
Correspondence
²
, p. 66 (Stalin indicated the place—Fairbanks—orally through Davies). Stalin’s response to postponement of second front: Stalin to Roosevelt, June 11, 1943,
Correspondence
²
, pp. 70-71. Polish-Soviet developments: FRUS, 1943, Vol. III, pp. 329, 362, 373-374, 396. Major items on diplomatic correspondence between the Polish government and the President are in PSF, Poland; see also Werth, Pt. 6, chap. 6; Churchill
⁴
, pp. 757-761; and for the Polish case, Bronislaw Kusnierz,
Stalin and the Poles
(London: Hollis & Carter, 1949). Roosevelt’s attempt to conciliate Stalin: Roosevelt to Stalin,
Correspondence
²
, p. 61. Stalin’s reactions and reflections:
Correspondence
¹
and
Correspondence
²
; Maisky, pp. 351, 361, 362; Deutscher, pp. 478-479; Ehrenburg; Berezhkov, Pt. II. Origins of the Cold War: Williams, especially chap. 6; D. F. Fleming,
The Cold War and Its Origins
(Doubleday, 1961); Louis J. Halle,
The Cold War as History
(Harper, 1967); John Lukacs,
A History of the Cold War
(Doubleday, 1961); Paul Seabury,
The Rise and Decline of the Cold War
(Basic Books, 1967); Andre Fontaine,
History of the Cold War
(Pantheon, 1968).

The King’s First Minister.
Roosevelt’s attitude toward China: Sherwood; Blum
²
; see especially
Morgenthau Diary
(China), p. 658; Sherwood, p. 925. Chiang on the end of extraterritorial rights: quoted in Feis
²
, p. 62.
Roosevelt on repeal of exclusion laws, Oct. 11, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 427-428. Rumors of Chinese separate peace with Japan: Feis
²
, p. 61. Stilwell’s skepticism: Romanus and Sunderland
²
, chap. 7. Stilwell on Chinese military condition: Romanus and Sunderland
²
. Chennault’s plan and assurances to Roosevelt: Claire Lee Chennault,
Way of a Fighter
(Putnam, 1949), pp. 212-214, quoted in Romanus and Sunderland
²
, pp. 252-253. Madame Chiang Kai-shek’s visit to the United States: Sherwood, pp. 660, 706-707;
Time,
March 1, 1943, pp. 9-10, 23-26; PC 88i, Feb. 19, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 100-108; Stimson Diary, May 4, 1943; Perkins, p. 74; Eden, p. 377. Roosevelt to Marshall on dealing with Chiang, March 8, 1943: quoted in Romanus and Sunderland
²
, pp. 279-280. Marshall’s reply, March 16, 1943, is quoted in Romanus and Sunderland
²
, pp. 280-282. See, generally, Woodward, chap. 24.

Stilwell on calling Chiang’s bluff: Romanus and Sunderland
²
, p. 278. Roosevelt’s anticolonial views: Foster Rhea Dulles and Gerald E. Ridinger, “The Anti-Colonial Policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt,”
Political Science Quarterly,
March 1955, pp. 1-18. The administration’s views of the U.S. record in the Philippines: Hull, p. 1491; Clapper interview with Hopkins, Feb. ii, 1943, Clapper Papers, LC; PPA, 1942, p. 474; Clapper interview with Wallace, Dec. 7, 1942, Cont. 23, Clapper Papers, LC. Roosevelt’s criticism of Western colonial record, following Casablanca Conference: PC 879, Feb. 12, 1943; PPA, 1943, p. 86. Philippine wartime developments: Stimson Diary, Aug. 12-Sept. 5, 1943; Elmer Davis to Roosevelt, June 24, 1943, OF 400 P.I. Indochina: Hull, p. 1596; Eden, p. 378; Stilwell, p. 246; see, generally, Bernard B. Fall,
The Two Viet-Nams
(Praeger, 1963); Buttinger. Reference to Roosevelt’s grandfather in Indochina: Fall, p. 453. Roosevelt on French colonialism in Indochina: Elliott Roosevelt, p. 115; Hull, p. 1597. Question of Free French representation on Pacific War Council: 740.0011 Pacific War/3648, SD, NA. Roosevelt on Atlantic Charter: PC 855, Oct. 27, 1942; PPA, 1942, p. 437. Phillips-Roosevelt and Phillips-Hull exchanges: FRUS, 1943, Vol. IV, pp. 178-222; specific quotations or references are from pp. 190, 207, 211, 222, 215, 220-222; see also William Phillips,
Ventures in Diplomacy
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1952), chap. 22; Hull, p. 1491; Vandenberg, pp. 52-53; Nicolson, p. 295; interview with Hull, Nov. 23, 1942, Clapper Papers, LC. Roosevelt and the Indian famine: M. S. Venkataramani, “The Roosevelt Administration and the Great Indian Famine,”
International Studies
(New Delhi), Jan. 1963, pp. 241-264. Appeal to Roosevelt: Sirdar J. J. Singh to Roosevelt, Sept. 29, 1943, 845.48/333, SD, NA. Nationalist developments in Indonesia: George McTurnan Kahin,
Nationalism, and Revolution in Indonesia
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1952), chap. 4.

Roosevelt as Propagandist.
Battle of Sicily: Garland and Smyth; Samuel Eliot Morison,
Sicily-Salerno-Anzio
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1954), chaps. 4-10; Eisenhower, pp. 200-206; Hanson Baldwin,
Battles Lost and Won
(Harper, 1966), chap. 6; Fuller, pp. 260-264. Roosevelt’s receipt of the news of Mussolini’s fall: Sherwood, pp. 741-742; Rosenman, pp. 383-384. Roosevelt on OWI broadcast about Italian King, July 27, 1943: PPA, 1943, p. 323. Mussolini’s fall: F. W. Deakin, Bk. IV, which has extensive quotations from the council proceedings; see also MacGregor-Hastie, chap. 8.
Roosevelt’s fireside chat after Mussolini’s fall, July 28, 1943: PPA, 1943, pp. 326-336. Roosevelt on dealing with Italians: PC 912, July 30, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 344-345. Background of development of information and propaganda agencies: Reston, pp. 199-215; PPA, 1942, pp. 274-283; PPA, 1943, pp. 118-121;
The United States at War,
chap. 8. Cantril critique of OWI, circa Dec. 1942: Cantril Notebook I, pp. 60-61; Philleo Nash interview by Mrs. Sharp, “Historical Appraisal on O.W.I., World War II,” Jan. 9, 1942, HSTL. Elmer Davis’s appointment and adventures as director: Frankfurter to Roosevelt, March 12, 1942, Freedman, p. 651; Elmer Davis Correspondence, Box 1, 1943, LC; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 137-138; Smith Diary, Aug. 25, 1943, FDRL; Harold Smith to Roosevelt, Feb. 5, 1943, Smith Diary, FDRL; George Creel to Davis, Aug. 4, 1942, Davis Correspondence, LC. Unconditional surrender and psychological warfare: Ernest K. Bramsted,
Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda, 1925-1945
(East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1965), p. 309; William E. Daugherty and Morris Janowitz,
A Psychological Warfare Casebook
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1958), pp. 260, 263, 273 ff., 278; Murray Dyer,
The Weapon on the Wall
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1959), pp. 32, 47; Garland and Smyth, pp. 268-278. Generally, on the strategy of freedom: Reston, chaps. 1, 3.

Allied propaganda aims, as in Italy: Hammond to AC of S, OPD, Oct. 27, 1942, OPD Torch, AR. Nazi propaganda: FDRL has transcripts of translated Nazi radio broadcasts, which were sent on to the White House, some marked for special attention of the President. See, generally, Z. A. B. Zeman,
Nazi Propaganda
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964); Alexander L. George,
Propaganda Analysis
(Row, Peterson, 1959); Paul M. A. Linebarger,
Psychological Warfare
(Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press, 1948). Zeman quotation is from Zeman, p. 6. Excerpts from Hochschule text, 1939, are in FDRL. The Nazi cartoon leaflet is reprinted in Linebarger, pp. 138-139. The struggle over freedom as a symbol: J. M. Burns, “The Roosevelt-Hitler Battle of Symbols,”
Antioch Review,
Fall 1942, pp. 407-421. Roosevelt statement on freedom and social progress, Nov. 6, 1941: PPA, 1941, p. 476. Japanese propaganda is quoted in Daugherty and Janowitz, pp. 431-432. Roosevelt on himself as an expert on public psychology: Roosevelt to Basil O’Connor, May 16, 1939, PSF, Box 53. Relation of propaganda and deed: Daugherty and Janowitz, pp. 19, 44; Dyer, p. 104. Roosevelt as target: Daugherty and Janowitz, pp. 436-437. Roosevelt and Hitler compared as propagandists: Ralph K. White, “Hitler, Roosevelt, and the Nature of War Propaganda,”
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,
April 1949, pp. 157-174. See, generally, H. G. Nicholas, “Roosevelt and Public Opinion,”
The Fortnightly,
May 1945, pp. 303-308.

Hyde Park matters: Roosevelt to W. Russell Bowie, Feb. 6, 1943, PL, p. 1399; Roosevelt to Moses W. Smith, June 10, 1943, PL, p. 1428; Roosevelt to William A. Plog, June 11, 1943, PL, p. 1429; Roosevelt to Curtis Roosevelt Dall, Feb. 19, 1943, PL, pp. 1402-1403; Roosevelt to Eleanor
Roosevelt Dall, April 8, 1943, PL, p. 1419. Library matters: Roosevelt to Archibald MacLeish, June 9, 1943, PSF, MacLeish Folder; Roosevelt to Ickes, Oct. 29, 1943, PL, p. 1461. Roosevelt on Joe Martin: Roosevelt to Fritz G. Lanham, March 9, 1943, PL, pp. 1407-1408. Roosevelt on Poughkeepsie Episcopalians: Hassett, p. 204. Roosevelt on his two illnesses: Roosevelt to Churchill, March 17, 1943, PL, p. 1413; Roosevelt to Churchill, Oct. 25, 1943, Churchill
⁴
, p. 314.

The Mills of the Gods.
“No truck with fascism” pledge, July 28, 1943: PPA, 1943, p. 327. Hitler on his plans for Rome: quoted in Shirer, p. 1298. British prisoners of war in Italy: Churchill
⁵
, p. 59. Roosevelt on dealing with any Italian leaders except Fascists: PC 912, July 30, 1943; PPA, 1943, pp. 344-345 Sforza on fear of revolution: NYT, July 30, 1943, p. 3. Del Vayo on lack of democratic policy:
The Nation,
Aug. 21, 1943, p. 211. Churchill on radical tendencies in Italy: Churchill to Roosevelt, Aug. 5, 1943, Churchill
⁵
, pp. 99-100. PMRP, Naval Aide’s File, Italy and Sicily, Box 13, include extensive documentation on the Italian surrender; see, especially, Murphy to Roosevelt, Nov. 6, 1943. Churchill’s trip to Niagara Falls and Hyde Park: Churchill
⁵
, p. 82. Marshall’s and Stimson’s strictures to Roosevelt before Quebec Conference: Matloff, pp. 211-213; Stimson and Bundy, pp. 436-438; Stimson Diary, Aug. 10, 1943. Quebec Conference: Matloff, pp. 220-230; Bryant
²
, pp. 575-586; Churchill
⁵
, pp. 83-85; Sherwood, pp. 745-749. Leahy Diary, LC. Garland and Smyth provide a detailed account of the Italian surrender; the “say Uncle” quotation is from p. 444. Churchill
³
, chap. 6, offers a good short picture of the developments. Battle of Salerno:
Salerno
(Washington, D.C.: War Department, 1944); Eisenhower, chap. 10; Churchill
⁵
, pp. 142-149; Garland and Smyth, pp. 521, 523. Stalin’s message of congratulation: Stalin to Churchill and Roosevelt, Sept.10, 1943,
Correspondence
¹
, p. 162.

Roosevelt’s wartime concern for Jewish victims of Nazism, Oct. 25, 1941: PPA, 1941, p. 433; Aug. 21, 1942: PPA, 1942, p. 329; July 30, 1943: PPA, 1943, p. 338. Establishment of commission to investigate crimes, Oct. 7, 1942: PPA, 1942, p. 410. Of the extensive published material on Roosevelt and the European Jews, see, especially, Arthur D. Morse,
While Six Million Died
(Random House, 1967), and published and unpublished materials cited therein; and review of Morse by John M. Blum,
The New Republic,
Feb. 17, 1968, pp. 30-32. Wise to Roosevelt is quoted in Morse, pp. 26-27. Bermuda Conference: FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, pp. 134-250. Roosevelt on the conference: Roosevelt to Hull, May 14, 1943, FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, p. 179. Background of British and American policy on refugees: Hull to Roosevelt, n.d., but probably late Feb. 1943, with enclosures on British policy, FDRL; see also materials in SD, NA, 1943. Roosevelt and Zion: Range, pp. 152, 156-157; Blum
²
, pp. 207-208; Hull, pp. 1531-1534, 1536.

Cairo: The Generalissimo.
Drew Pearson incident: PC 915, Aug. 31, 1943; Hull, p. 1253; Hull to Roosevelt, Aug. 30, 1943, Hull Papers, Box 52, LC. Stalin’s pique: Stalin to Roosevelt and to Churchill, Aug. 22, 1943,
Correspondence
²
, p. 84;
Correspondence
¹
, pp. 138 ff. I have discussed with Soviet historians why Stalin did not meet with Roosevelt and Churchill to
press his second-front demands, rather than complaining about exclusion, but the explanation remains elusive. Diminished Soviet interest in the second front: Long, pp. 320-322, 331; Sherwood, p. 734; Stimson Diary, Nov. 10, 1943; Matloff, pp. 285-286, 303, and references therein; Leahy Diary, Oct. 7, 1943, LC; Werth, p. 747.
Realpolitik
attitude in the War Department: Matloff, pp. 287-288. Reports of peace feelers: Nicolson, pp. 277, 309, 345; Leahy Diary, Aug. 11, 1943, LC; see also Ulam, p. 333; McNeill, p. 324 and citations. Bullitt’s strategic alternative: Bullitt to Roosevelt, May 12, 1943, PSF, Bullitt Folder. For a different (and somewhat later) view, see Kennan
¹
, pp. 211, 218ff. Mackinac Island conference: Vandenberg, pp. 55-61. Proposed foreign ministers’ and Big Three meetings: Roosevelt to Stalin, Sept. 6, 1943; Stalin to Roosevelt, Sept. 8, 1943; Roosevelt to Stalin, Sept. 11, 1943; Stalin to Roosevelt and to Churchill, Sept. 12, 1943; Roosevelt to Stalin, Oct. 14, 1943;
Correspondence
¹
, pp. 89, 90-91, 92-93, 94, 100-101; Hull, pp. 1292-1296. Hull mission to Moscow, including Chinese adherence to the four-nation declaration: FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, pp. 513-781; Hull, chaps. 92-94; Eden, chap. 10. Stalin’s statement about Soviet intervention against Japan following defeat of Germany: FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, p. 686; Hull, pp. 1310-1311; FRUS,
Cairo-Teheran,
p. 147; PMRP, Box 210; text also in Hull Papers, Box 52, LC. Previous Soviet indications of willingness to join war against Japan: Harriman statement,
Congressional Record,
Vol. 97, Pt. 14, Aug. 27, 1951, pp. 5410-5416; Deane, p. 226; Leahy, p. 147.

Roosevelt’s trip to Cairo: FRUS,
Cairo-Teheran;
Leahy Diary, LC. Torpedo incident: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 279-280; King and Whitehill, p. 501; Sherwood, p. 768; NYT, March 16, 1958, p. 52 (recollections of the erring destroyer’s officer of the deck at the time). Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt en route, Nov. 18, 1943: PL, p. 1469. Precautions for the trip: Churchill
⁵
, pp. 326-327; Eisenhower, pp. 220-221; Green to Matthews, Nov. 18, 1943, PMRP, Folder 3, Box 17. Churchill on Cairo: Churchill
⁵
, p. 316. Roosevelt’s exchanges with Chiang: FRUS,
Cairo-Teheran,
Nov. 23, 1943, pp. 322-325; Leahy Diary, Nov. 23, 1943, LC; see also Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 142, 163-166. The Chinese and the CCS: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 305-307, 325, 337 379-380, 390, 748. The theater view: FRUS,
ibid.,
pp. 316-322; Stilwell, p. 245. The strategic dilemma: Churchill
⁵
, p. 328; Matloff, pp. 347-352. Roosevelt to Eleanor Roosevelt on the conference, Nov. 21, 1943: PL, p. 1470. Roosevelt’s promise to Chiang on Bay of Bengal operations: Matloff, p. 350. Thanksgiving dinner: Churchill
⁵
, p. 341; Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 159-160.