Saddam : His Rise and Fall (62 page)

14
Matar, pp. 228–229.

15
Saddam Hussein,
Current Events in Iraq
(London: Longman, 1977), p. 38.

16
Quoted in Karsh and Rautsi, p. 81.

17
Economist,
October 18, 1975.

18
Quoted in Matar, pp. 231–232.

19
Ibid.

20
Economist,
June 24–30, 1978.

21
Edward Mortimer, “The Thief of Baghdad,”
New York Review of Books,
September 27, 1990.

22
Karsh and Rautsi, p. 186.]

23
Ibid., p. 88.

24
Efraim Karsh,
The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis,
Adelphi Papers, No. 220 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, n.d.) pp. 10–11.

25
Marr, p. 229.

SIX: THE TERRORIST

1
Der Spiegel,
August 6, 1990.

2
Kenneth R. Timmerman,
The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), p. 20.

3
Ibid., p. 35.

4
Private source.

5
Washington Post,
May 25, 1988.

6
Timmerman, pp. 49–50.

7
Matar, p. 217.

8
Aburish, p. 140.

9
Ibid., p. 139.

10
Timmerman, p. 31.

11
Quoted in ibid., p. 32.

12
Khidhir Hamza,
Saddam's Bombmaker
(New York: Scribner, 2000), p. 77.

13
Timmerman, pp. 59–60.

14
Quoted in ibid., p. 92.

15
Ibid., p. 116.

16
A. Baram, “Qawmiyya and Wataniyya in Baathi Iraq: The Search for a New Balance,”
Middle East Studies,
Vol. 9, No. 2 (April 1983), pp. 188–200.

17
A detailed list of Abu Nidal's terror activities is provided in Patrick Seale,
Abu Nidal: A Gun for Hire
(New York: Random House, 1992), pp. 235–242.

18
Vanity Fair,
May 2002.

19
Author's interview, April 2002.

20
Newsweek,
July 17, 1978.

21
Author's interview, May 2002.

22
Author's interview, November 1998.

23
British Foreign Office spokesperson, speaking at the time of the expulsion.

24
Author's interview, May 2002.

25
Quoted in
U.S. News and World Report,
May 16, 1977.

26
Quoted in Seale, p. 112.

27
New York Times,
April 12, 1975.

28
Newsweek,
July 17, 1978.

29
Author's interview, March 2002.

30
Ibid.

31
Matar, p. 51.

SEVEN: MR. PRESIDENT

1
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 18, 1979 (ME/6170/A/2).

2
New York Times,
December 4, 1974.

3
Newsweek,
May 9, 1977.

4
Author's interview, May 2002.

5
Alif Ba
magazine (Baghdad), February 16, 1979.

6
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, June 21, 1979 (ME/6147/A/3).

7
Patrick Seale,
Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
(London: I. B. Tauris, 1988), p. 355.

8
Miller and Mylroie, p. 43.

9
Private source.

10
Matar, p. 54.

11
Author's interview, March 2002.

12
Excerpts from the film were shown on BBC
Panorama,
February 11, 1991.

13
Karsh and Rautsi, p. 115.

14
Miller and Mylroie, p. 45.

15
The five RCC members alleged to be involved in the plot were Muhie Abdul Hussein Mashhadi, Mohammed Ayesh, Adnan Hussein al-Hamdani, Mohammed Mahjub Mahdi, and Ghanem Abdul Jalil Saudi.

16
Author's interview, November 2001.

17
Private source.

18
Ibid.

19
Hamza, p. 114.

20
Baghdad Domestic Service, August 8, 1979.

21
Iraqi News Agency, August 8, 1979.

22
Author's interview, November 2001.

23
Al-Thawra
(Baghdad), May 3, 1980.

24
Al-Khalil, p. 37.

25
Amnesty International, “Iraq, Evidence of Torture,” April 29, 1981, p. 6.

26
Amnesty International, “Torture in Iraq 1982–84,” pp. 10–11.

27
Quoted by Deborah Cobbett, “Women in Iraq,” in
Saddam's Iraq: Revolution or
Reaction?
(London: Zed Books and CARDRI [Committee Against Repression and for Domestic Rights in Iraq], 1989), p. 123.

28
Human Rights in Iraq
(New York: Middle East Watch, 1990), pp. 23–24.

29
New Scientist,
April 2, 1981.

30
Ali Hassan, “Profile—Modhaffar al-Nawab,” in
Index on Censorship,
March 1981.

31
As Safir,
December 5, 1985.

32
Iskander, p. 400.

33
Author's interview, May 2002.

34
Hassan Allawi,
The Borrowed State,
n.p., n.d., p. 90.

35
Mikhael Ramadan,
In the Shadow of Saddam
(New Zealand: GreeNZone, 1999), p. 12.

EIGHT: THE WARLORD

1
Iraq's Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Iraqi-Iranian Conflict: Documentary Dossier
(Baghdad: January 1981), pp. 208–214.

2
Miller and Mylroie, p. 109.

3
Quoted in Efraim Karsh,
The Iran-Iraq War 1980–1988
(London: Osprey, 2002), p. 27.

4
John Bulloch and Harvey Morris,
The Gulf War
(London: Methuen, 1989), p. 47.

5
Quoted in Miller and Mylroie, p. 113.

6
Quoted in Karsh, p. 62.

7
Ibid., p. 114.

8
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, June 22, 1982.

9
Dilip Hiro,
The Longest War
(London: Palladin, 1990), p. 35.

10
Ibid., p. 34.

11
Quoted in
Washington Post,
April 18, 1980.

12
Miller and Mylroie, p. 115.

13
Adel Darwish and Gregory Alexander,
Unholy Babylon
(London: Victor Gollancz, 1991), p. 129.

14
Baghdad Domestic Service, July 22, 1980.

15
Ibid., July 17, 1981.

16
Timmerman, p. 105.

17
Ibid., p. 106.

18
Ibid., p. 112.

19
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, April 14, 1983.

20
Author's interview, May 2002.

21
Bulloch and Morris, pp. 47–48.

22
Ibid.

23
Karsh, p. 67.

24
M. S. el-Azhary, ed.
The Iran-Iraq War
(London: Croom Helm, 1984), p. 54.

25
Sahib Hakim,
Human Rights in Iraq
(London: Middle East Watch, 1992), p. 125.

26
Wall Street Journal,
August 27, 1990.

27
Al-Khalil, p. 28.

28
Bulloch and Morris, p. 71.

NINE: THE VICTOR

1
Timmerman, pp. 116–117.

2
Ibid., p. 118.

3
Aburish, p. 236.

4
Author's interview, September 1995.

5
Author's interview, April 2002.

6
Wafic al-Samurrai,
The Destruction of the Eastern Gate
(Kuwait, 1997), p. 153.

7
Author's interview, February 2002.

8
These figures are taken from Anthony Cordesman, “The Iran-Iraq War in 1984: An Escalating Threat to the Gulf and the West,”
Armed Forces Journal International,
March 1984, p. 24.

9
Sunday Times
(London), March 11, 1984.

10
Author's interview, November 2001.

11
Marr, p. 297.

12
Author's interview, February 2002.

13
Aburish, p. 187.

14
Author's interview, May 2002.

15
Anthony H. Cordesman,
The Iran-Iraq War and Western Security, 1984–87
(London: Jane's Publishing, 1987), p. 99.

16
Author's interview, January 2002.

17
This incident is generally regarded, and especially by this author, as the main reason for the bomb attack against Pan Am flight 103 over the Scottish town of Lockerbie in December 1988, in which 270 people died.

18
Timmerman, p. 293.

TEN: THE INVADER

1
Independent
London), August 30, 1989.

2
Author's interview, May 2002.

3
Author's interview, June 200

4
Author's interview, September 1998.

5
Sunday Times
(London), March 26, 1989.

6
Karsh and Rautsi, p. 184.

7
Simon Henderson,
Instant Empire: Saddam Hussein's Ambition for Iraq
(San Francisco: Mercury House, 1991), p. 82.

8
Cockburn and Cockburn, p. 155.

9
Sunday Times
(London), March 26, 1989.

10
Author's interview, February 1999.

11
Private source.

12
Author's interview, June 2002.

13
Guardian
(London), April 1, 1989.

14
Wall Street Journal,
February 15, 1991.

15
Karsh and Rautsi, p. 202.

16
Charles Tripp,
A History of Iraq
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 251.

17
Atlantic Monthly,
May 2002.

18
Author's interview, July 2002.

19
Author's interviews, Spring 2002.

20
Margaret Thatcher,
The Downing Street Years
(London: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 824.

21
Observer
(London), October 21, 1990.

22
Baghdad Domestic Service, July 18, 1990.