Strategy (115 page)

18
. Arthur M. Eckstein, “Thucydides, the Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, and the Foundation of International Systems Theory,”
The International History Review
25 (December 4, 2003), 757–774.

19
. Thucydides, I.139–45: 80–6.

20
. Donald Kagan,
Thucydides: The Reinvention of History
(New York: Viking, 2009), 56–57.

21
. Thucydides, 1.71.

22
. Ibid., 1.39.

23
. Ibid., 1.40.

24
. Richard Ned Lebow, “Play It Again Pericles: Agents, Structures and the Peloponnesian War,”
European Journal of International Relations
2 (1996), 242.

25
. Thucydides, 1.33.

26
. Donald Kagan,
Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy
(New York: Free Press, 1991).

27
. Sam Leith,
You Talkin' To Me? Rhetoric from Aristotle to Obama
(London: Profile Books, 2011), 18.

28
. Michael Gagarin and Paul Woodruff, “The Sophists,” in Patricia Curd and Daniel W. Graham, eds.,
The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 365–382; W. K. C. Guthrie,
The Sophists
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1971); G. B. Kerferd,
The Sophistic Movement
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Thomas J. Johnson, “The Idea of Power Politics: The Sophistic Foundations of Realism,”
Security Studies
5: 2, 1995, 194–247.

29
. Adam Milman Parry,
Logos and Ergon in Thucydides
(Salem: New Hampshire: The Ayer Company, 1981), 121–122, 182–183.

30
. Thucydides, 3.43.

31
. Gerald Mara, “Thucydides and Political Thought,”
The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Political Thought
, edited by Stephen Salkever (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 116–118. Thucydides, 3.35–50.

32
. Thucydides, 3.82.

33
. Michael Gagarin, “Did the Sophists Aim to Persuade?”
Rhetorica
19 (2001), 289.

34
. Andrea Wilson Nightingale,
Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 14. See also HÃ¥kan Tell,
Plato's Counterfeit Sophists
(Harvard University: Center for Hellenic Studies, 2011); Nathan Crick, “The Sophistical Attitude and the Invention of Rhetoric,”
Quarterly Journal of Speech
96: 1 (2010), 25–45; Robert Wallace, “Plato's Sophists, Intellectual History after 450, and Sokrates,” in
The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Pericles
, edited by
Loren J. Samons II (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 215–237.

35
. Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies: The Spell of Plato, vol. 1 (London, 1945).

36
. Book 3 of
The Republic
, 141b–c. Malcolm Schofield, “The Noble Lie,” in
The Cambridge Companion to Plato's Republic
, edited by G. R. Ferrari (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 138–164.

1
. Cited in Everett L. Wheeler,
Stratagem and the Vocabulary of Military Trickery. Mnemoseyne supplement 108
(New York: Brill, 1988), 24.

2
. Ibid., 14–15.

3
.
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/home.html
.

4
. Lisa Raphals,
Knowing Words: Wisdom and Cunning in the Classical Tradition of China and Greece
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 20.

5
. The first translation of Sun Tzu into English by Lionel Giles in 1910 remains a standard work. The translation by Samuel Griffiths in 1963 helped to popularize the book, as it drew the link with contemporary Asian approaches to warfare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963). During the 1970s, new materials made possible a more complete version. Giles's text can be found at
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/132
. For a more up-to-date translation and discussion of Sun Tzu, see
http://www.sonshi.com
.

6
. Jan Willem Honig, Introduction to
Sun Tzu, The Art of War
, translation and commentary by Frank Giles (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2012), xxi.

7
. François Jullien,
Detour and Access: Strategies of Meaning in China and Greece
, translated by Sophie Hawkes (New York: Zone Books, 2004), 35, 49–50.

8
. Victor Davis Hanson,
The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece
(New York: Alfred Knopf, 1989).

9
. Pulling these criticisms together, Jeremy Black quotes John Lynn with approval: “Claims that a Western Way of Warfare extended with integrity for 2500 years speak more of fantasy than fact. No overarching theory can encompass the totality of Western combat and culture.” J. A. Lynn,
Battle
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003), 25, cited in Jeremy Black, “Determinisms and Other Issues,”
The Journal of Military History
68, no. 1 (October 2004): 217–232.

10
. Beatrice Heuser,
The Evolution of Strategy
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 89–90.

11
. Michael D. Reeve, ed.,
Epitoma rei militaris
, Oxford Medieval Texts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). An earlier translation is found in
Roots of Strategy: The Five Greatest Military Classics of All Time
(Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1985).

12
. Clifford J. Rogers, “The Vegetian ‘Science of Warfare' in the Middle Ages,”
Journal of Medieval Military History
1 (2003): 1–19; Stephen Morillo, “Battle Seeking: The Contexts and Limits of Vegetian Strategy,”
Journal of Medieval Military History
1 (2003): 21–41; John Gillingham, “Up with Orthodoxy: In Defense of Vegetian Warfare,”
Journal of Medieval Military History
2 (2004): 149–158.

13
. Heuser,
Evolution of Srategy
, 90.

14
. Anne Curry, “The Hundred Years War, 1337–1453,” in John Andreas Olsen and Colin Gray, eds.,
The Practice of Strategy: From Alexander the Great to the Present
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 100.

15
. Jan Willem Honig, “Reappraising Late Medieval Strategy: The Example of the 1415 Agincourt Campaign,”
War in History
19, no. 2 (2012): 123–151.

16
. James Q. Whitman,
The Verdict of Battle: The Law of Victory and the Making of Modern War
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).

17
. William Shakespeare,
Henry VI
, Part 3, 3.2.

18
. Victoria Kahn,
Machiavellian Rhetoric: From the Counterreformation to Milton
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 40.

19
. Niccolo Machiavelli,
Art of War
, edited by Christopher Lynch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 97–98. See also Lynch's interpretative essay in this volume and Felix Gilbert, “Machiavelli: The Renaissance of the Art of War,” in Peter Paret, ed.,
Makers of Modern Strategy
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).

20
. Niccolo Machiavelli,
The Prince
, translated and with an introduction by George Bull (London: Penguin Books, 1961), 96.

21
. Ibid., 99–101.

22
. Ibid., 66.

1
. Dennis Danielson, “Milton's Arminianism and Paradise Lost,” in J. Martin Evans, ed.,
John Milton: Twentieth-Century Perspectives
(London: Routledge, 2002), 127.

2
. John Milton,
Paradise Lost
, edited by Gordon Tesket (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005), III, 98–99.

3
. Job 1:7.

4
. John Carey, “Milton's Satan,” in Dennis Danielson, ed.,
The Cambridge Companion to Milton
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 160–174.

5
. Revelation 12:7–9.

6
. William Blake,
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
(1790–1793).

7
. Milton,
Paradise Lost
, I, 645–647.

8
. Gary D. Hamilton, “Milton's Defensive God: A Reappraisal,”
Studies in Philosophy
69, no. 1 (January 1972): 87–100.

9
. Victoria Ann Kahn,
Machiavellian Rhetoric: From Counter Reformation to Milton
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 209.

10
. Milton,
Paradise Lost
, V, 787–788, 794–802.

11
. Amy Boesky, “Milton's Heaven and the Model of the English Utopia,”
Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900
36, no. 1 (Winter 1996): 91–110.

12
. Milton,
Paradise Lost
, VI, 701–703, 741, 787, 813.

13
. Ibid., I, 124, 258–259, 263, 159–160.

14
. Antony Jay,
Management and Machiavelli
(London: Penguin Books, 1967), 27.

15
. Milton,
Paradise Lost
, II, 60–62, 129–130, 190–91, 208–211, 239–244, 269–273, 296–298, 284–286, 379–380, 345–348, 354–358.

16
. Ibid., IX, 465–475, 375–378, 1149–1152.

17
. Ibid., XII, 537–551, 569–570.

18
. Barbara Kiefer Lewalski, “Paradise Lost and Milton's Politics,” in Evans, ed.,
John Milton
, 150.

19
. Barbara Riebling, “Milton on Machiavelli: Representations of the State in Paradise Lost,”
Renaissance Quarterly
49, no. 3 (Autumn, 1996): 573–597.

20
. Carey, “Milton's Satan,” 165.

21
. Hobbes,
Leviathan
, I. xiii.

22
. Charles Edelman,
Shakespeare's Military Language: A Dictionary
(London: Athlone Press, 2000), 343.

23
.
A Dictionary of the English Language: A Digital Edition of the 1755 Classic by Samuel Johnson
, edited by Brandi Besalke,
http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com
/.

1
. Martin van Creveld,
Command in War
(Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), 18.

2
. R. R. Palmer, “Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bulow: From Dynastic to National War,” in Peter Paret, Gordon A. Craig, and Felix Gilbert, eds.,
Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 91.

3
. Edward Luttwak,
Strategy
(Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1987), 239–240.

4
. Beatrice Heuser,
The Strategy Makers: Thoughts on War and Society from Machiavelli to Clausewitz
(Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2009), 1–2; Beatrice Heuser,
The Evolution of Strategy
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 4–5.

5
. Azar Gat,
The Origins of Military Thought: From the Enlightenment to Clausewitz
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989),
Chapter 2
. See R. R. Palmer, “Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bülow: From Dynastic to National War,” in Paret et al.,
Makers of Modern Strategy
.

6
. Palmer, “Frederick the Great,” 107.

7
. Heuser,
The Strategy Makers
, 3; Hew Strachan, “The Lost Meaning of Strategy,”
Survival
47, no. 3 (August 2005): 35; J-P. Charnay in André Corvisier, ed.,
A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War
, English edition edited by John Childs (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 769.

8
. All the definitions come from the Oxford English Dictionary.

9
. From “The History of the Late War in Germany” (1766) cited by Michael Howard,
Studies in War & Peace
(London: Temple Smith, 1970), 21.

10
. Peter Paret,
Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories and His Times
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 91.

11
. Whitman,
The Verdict of Battle
, 155. “The Instruction of Fredrick the Great for His Generals, 1747,” is found in
Roots of Strategy: The Five Greatest Military Classics of All Time
(Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1985).

12
.
Napoleon's Military Maxims
, edited and annotated by William E. Cairnes (New York: Dover Publications, 2004).

13
. Major-General Petr Chuikevich, quoted in Dominic Lieven,
Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe 1807–1814
(London: Allen Lane, 2009), 131.

14
. Lieven,
Russia Against Napoleon
, 198.

15
. Alexander Mikaberidze,
The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon Against Kutuzov
(London: Pen & Sword, 2007), 161, 162.

1
. Carl von Clausewitz,
The Campaign of 1812 in Russia
(London: Greenhill Books, 1992), 184.

2
. Carl von Clausewitz,
On War
, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), Book IV, Chapter 12, p. 267.

3
. Gat,
The Origins of Military Thought
(see chap. 6, n. 5).

4
. John Shy, “Jomini,” in Paret et al.,
Makers of Modern Strategy
, 143–185 (see chap. 6, n. 2).

5
. Antoine Henri de Jomini,
The Art of War
(London: Greenhill Books, 1992).

6
. “Jomini and the Classical Tradition in Military Thought,” in Howard,
Studies in War & Peace
(see chap. 6, n. 9), 31.