Target Tokyo: Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor (95 page)

296
 “The area of gangrene”: Ibid.

297
 “The fact that Ted”: Ibid., p. 26.

297
 The Japanese loaded: Tatsuo Kumano and George Barr testimonies in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

297
 Guards ushered the raiders: Glines,
Four Came Home
, p. 67.

297
 Guards tossed: George Barr testimony in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.
; Watson,
DeShazer
, p. 36.

297
 The Japanese pulled DeShazer: Watson,
DeShazer
, pp. 36–37; DeShazer oral history interview with Hasdorff, Oct. 10, 1989.

297
 “I’m the kindest judge”: This exchange comes from DeShazer oral history interview with Hasdorff, Oct. 10, 1989.

298
 “When you speak”: Watson,
DeShazer
, p. 37.

298
 “Tomorrow morning”: This exchange comes from DeShazer oral history interview with Hasdorff, Oct. 10, 1989.

298
 “You will please to sit down”: This exchange comes from Glines,
Four Came Home
, pp. 68, 70.

299
 “You couldn’t fly that far”: This exchange comes from Hite oral history interview with Hasdorff, Dec. 16–17, 1982.

299
 George Barr suffered: George Barr testimony in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

299
 “The water was going”: Ibid.

299
 “My hands were tied”: DeShazer oral history interview with Hasdorff, Oct. 10, 1989.

300
 The Japanese loaded: This scene is based on Nielsen’s testimony in the 1946 war crimes trial and the series of newspaper articles he authored after the war in 1945.

300
 “Nobody said anything”: Nielsen, “Doolittle Fliers’ Saga of Living Death: Raider Tortured,” p. 9.

301
 “We have methods”: Ibid.

301
 “That crack about my folks”: Ibid.

301
 “There was absolutely”: Ibid.

301
 “A man has to breathe”: Ibid.

301
 “I felt more or less”: Chase Nielsen testimony in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

301
 “With the water trickling”: C. Jay Nielsen, “Doolittle Fliers’ Saga of Living Death: Raider Tortured in Effort to Learn Point of Takeoff,”
News and Courier
, Sept. 17, 1945, p. 9.

301
 “Talk”: Ibid.

302
 “I can’t stand this”: C. Jay Nielsen, “Doolittle Fliers’ Saga of Living Death: Sadistic Delight Taken in Torturing Captured Yanks,”
News and Courier
, Sept. 18, 1945, p. 7.

302
 “The sweat was pouring”: Ibid.

302
 “With each blow”: Ibid.

302
 “I’ve given you”: Ibid.

302
 “I could feel the edges”: Ibid.

302
 “Well”: Ibid.

302
 “We’ll see about that”: Ibid.

303
 “Tell it to me”: Ibid.

303
 “How do you like that?”: Ibid.

303
 “If you insist on not telling”: Ibid.

303
 “My mind was in a whirl”: C. Jay Nielsen, “Doolittle Fliers’ Saga of Living Death: Japs Change Pace in Their Methods of Torturing Yank,”
News and Courier
, Sept. 19, 1945, p. 5.

303
 “The sweat was pouring”: Ibid.

303
 “My whole life flashed”: Ibid.

304
 “Well, well, well”: Ibid.

304
 “If you boys don’t”: Ibid.

304
 “Panic seized me”: Ibid.

304
 “There were periods of consciousness”: Ibid.

304
 “When I let my arms down”: Chase Nielsen testimony in the case of
United States of America vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

304
 “I could see a little bit”: Nielsen, “Doolittle Fliers’ Saga of Living Death: Japs Change Pace,” p. 5.

CHAPTER 18

305
 “Far from winning”: “Remember Tokyo,” editorial,
Pittsburgh Press
, April 20, 1942, p. 10.

305
 “As the enemy position”: Yoshitake Miwa diary, April 18, 1942.

305
 The lack of widespread damage: Toland,
The Rising Sun
, p. 309.

306
 “Helped in my hard-labored”: Goldstein and Dillon, eds.,
The Pearl Harbor Papers
, p. 129.

306
 Early reports: Matome Ugaki diary, April 18, 1942, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, pp. 111–13.

306
 “We have missed”: Ibid., p. 113.

306
 Erroneous reports of new attacks: War History Office, National Institute for Defense Studies,
Hondo H
ō
men Kaigun Sakusen
, pp. 92–95; Military History Section, Headquarters, Army Forces Far East, “Homeland Defense Naval Operations: December 1941–March 1943,” Japanese Monograph #109, pt. 1, 1953, pp. 10–11.

307
 Reports indicated: Matome Ugaki diary, April 19, 1942, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, pp. 113–14.

307
 “The reason”: Ibid., p. 113.

307
 “What relation there was”: Yoshitake Miwa diary, April 19, 1942.

307
 The Japanese captured: War Department, Office of Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, Magic Summary, “Bombing of Tokyo,” April 22, 1942, in
The Magic Documents: Summaries and Transcripts of the Top Secret Diplomatic Communications of Japan, 1938–1945
(Washington, D.C.: University Publications of America, 1980), Microfilm Roll #1; Matome Ugaki diary, April 19, 1942, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, pp. 113–14.

307
 “They never told”: Matome Ugaki diary, April 19, 1942, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, p. 113.

307
 “What the enemy intended”: Ibid., p. 114.

308
 By the following evening: Matome Ugaki diary, April 20, 1942, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, pp. 114–15.

308
 “The enemy, already withdrawn”: Ibid., p. 115.

308
 “One has the embarrassing feeling”: Agawa,
The Reluctant Admiral
, p. 300.

308
 Ugaki knew by April 21: Matome Ugaki diary, April 21–22, 1942, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, pp. 115–16.

308
 “How the sixteen planes”: Matome Ugaki diary, April 22, 1942, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, p. 116.

308
 A final tally: Shibata and Hara,
D
ō
rittoru K
ū
sh
ū Hiroku
, p. 211.

309
 In Tokyo: Legal Section, 1st Demobilization Ministry, “Damages Sustained in the Air Attack of 18 April 1942.”

309
 A postwar analysis: Shibata and Hara,
D
ō
rittoru K
ū
sh
ū Hiroku
, p. 211.

309
 including a woman: Hayakawa Fuyo affidavit, March 11, 1946, in case of
United States of American vs. Shigeru Sawada et al.

309
 “One father wrote”: Allied Translator and Interpreter Section, South West Pacific Area, Research Report, “Psychological Effect of Allied Bombing on the Japanese,” Sept. 21, 1944, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, Australia.

310
 “Today, April 18”: “Enemy Planes Raid Tokyo-Y’hama; Defense Units Shoot Down 9 Craft,”
Osaka Mainichi
, April 19, 1942, p. 1.

310
 That was followed: “Warnings Sounded,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 19, 1942, p. 1.

310
 “The time has come”: “Enemy Planes Fly over Nagoya, Kobe,”
Osaka Mainichi
, April 19, 1942, p. 1.

310
 “Incendiary bombs were dropped”: “Fires Extinguished,”
Osaka Mainichi
, April 19, 1942, p. 1.

310
 “The corps guarding the air”: “Warnings Sounded,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 19, 1942, p. 1.

310
 “The Army announced”: Yoshitake Miwa diary, April 19, 1942.

311
 “In connection”: War Department, Office of Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, Magic Summary, “Tokyo Bombing,” May 6, 1942, in
The Magic Documents
, Microfilm Roll #1.

311
 “This afternoon a few spots”: “International Law Grossly Violated by Enemy Air Units,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 20, 1942, p. 1.

311
 Newspaper headlines: “9 Enemy Raiders Downed,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 19, 1942, p. 1; “Damage by Incendiary Bombs Small; Planes Repulsed,” ibid., April 19, 1942, p. 1; “Dog-Fights Staged in Air over Capital,” ibid., April 19, 1942, p. 1; “Nearly All Planes in Saturday Attack Were Brought Down,” ibid., April 21, 1942, p. 1; “Shot Down or Crashed in Sea Is Fate of All Enemy Planes Which Raided Tokyo, Yokohama,” ibid., April 22, 1942, p. 1.

311
 “The few enemy planes”: “That Air Raid Last Saturday,” editorial,
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 22, 1942, p. 6.

311
 Even Emperor Hirohito: “Imperial Family Absolutely Safe in First Air Raid over Capital,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 19, 1942, p. 1.

311
 Others noted that motion picture: “Shows Go on Despite Raid,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 20, 1942, p. 2.

311
 Financial markets: “All Markets Calm in Face of Air-Raid,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 21, 1942, p. 5; “Stocks Unaffected by Initial Air Raid,” ibid., April 21, 1942, p. 5.

312
 “valuable experience”: “Yuzawa Commends People’s Conduct during Air Attack,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 20, 1942, p. 1.

312
 “Air raids are nothing to be feared”: Ibid.

312
 “The truth is”: “Air-Raid Is Desperate American Move to Cover Up Own Successive Debacles,”
Osaka Mainichi
, April 23, 1942, p. 2.

312
 “Air raids alone”: “Lt.-Gen. Kobayashi Highly Praises Nation’s Defense against Air-Raid,”
Osaka Mainichi
, April 21, 1942, p. 1.

312
 “I pursued this plane”: “2 Enemy Raiders Are Forced Down after Being Chased by Nippon Planes,”
Osaka Mainichi
, April 22, 1942, p. 1; Shibata and Hara,
D
ō
rittoru K
ū
sh
ū Hiroku
, pp. 99–101.

312
 “We saw her right engine”: “2 Enemy Raiders Are Forced Down after Being Chased by Nippon Planes,”
Osaka Mainichi
, April 22, 1942, p. 1.

312
 “The enemy’s daring enterprise”: “First Enemy Air Raid,”
Nichi Nichi
, in “Today’s Press Comments,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 19, 1942, p. 2.

312
 “The manner in which”: “Visit of Enemy Planes,”
Miyako
, in “Today’s Press Comments,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 19, 1942, p. 2.

312
 “Their weak attacking”: “Brace Up!,”
Hochi
, in “Today’s Press Comments,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 19, 1942, p. 2.

312
 “The most important thing”: “Enemy’s Feeble Raid on Japan,”
Chugai Shogyo
, in “Press Comments,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 20, 1942, p. 3.

313
 “It was a mere gesture”: “That Air Raid Last Saturday,” editorial,
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 22, 1942, p. 6.

313
 Reports revealed: “All Markets Calm in Face of Air-Raid,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 21, 1942, p. 5; “More Benefit Is Due for Air-Raid Victims,”
Osaka Mainichi
, April 24, 1942, p. 3.

313
 “The law provides”: “Sufferers Protection Law to Apply to Those Affected by Recent Raid,”
Osaka Mainichi
, April 22, 1942, p. 1.

313
 “It is sometimes so poor”: Current Intelligence Section, A-2, Interview with Joseph E. Grew, Ambassador to Japan, Sept. 8, 1942.

313
 Not until April 26: “Miserable Remains of Wrecked Enemy Raider,”
Japan Times & Advertiser
, April 26, 1942, p. 3.

314
 To maintain the charade: Stilwell msg. to AGO for AMMISCA, No. 699, May 18, 1942, Iris #00116401, AFHRA.

314
 “We expected photographs”: Tom Bernard, “Japs Were Jumpy after Tokyo Raid,”
Stars and Stripes
, April 27, 1943, p. 2.

314
 “For two weeks after the raid”: Ibid.

314
 “The raid by Doolittle”: “‘Worst’ Feared for Tokyo Fliers by Neutral Diplomats in Japan,”
New York Times
, April 25, 1943, p. 26.

314
 “The raid did the Japanese”: Guillain,
I Saw Tokyo Burning
, p. 63.

315
 “The Doolittle raid produced”: Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Branch, Far Eastern Section, “Information Gathered on the S.S.
Gripsholm
,” Report No. 77, Aug. 27, 1942.

315
 “It could hardly be called”: Agawa,
The Reluctant Admiral
, p. 300.

315
 “The bombing of Tokyo”: Togo Shigenori,
The Cause of Japan
, trans. and ed. Togo Fumihiko and Ben Bruce Blakeney (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956), pp. 235.

315
 “In point of physical damage”: Fuchida and Okumiya,
Midway
, pp. 70–71.

315
 “The attack unnerved”: Saburo Sakai with Martin Caidin and Fred Saito,
Samurai!
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1978), p. 128.

316
 “The bombing of Tokyo”: Ibid.

316
 Just six days before: Stephan,
Hawaii under the Rising Sun
, pp. 112–13.

316
 “It was just as if a shiver”: Kameto Kuroshima interview, Nov. 28, 1964, Box 2, Series 7, GWPP.

316
 “The Doolittle raid”: Yasuji Watanabe interview, Sept. 26, 1964, Box 6, Series 7, GWPP.

316
 “With the Doolittle raid”: Yasuji Watanabe interview, Sept. 25, 1964, ibid.

316
 “Even the most vociferous”: Fuchida and Okumiya,
Midway
, pp. 71–72.

317
 “Why, everybody wants”: Carlyle Holt, “Raid Infuriates Japan,”
Daily Boston Globe
, April 21, 1942, p. 1.