Tasty (34 page)

ancient,
84

Phenylindanes,
51

Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC),
53
–58,
61
,
62
,
68
,
72

Pheromones,
61
,
69

Philippines,
169

Phrenology,
8

Physiology of Taste, The
(Brillat-Savarin),
90
–91

Phytoliths,
46

Pichia burtonii
,
222
–23,
227

Pickles,
50
,
88
,
106

Pinta
(ship),
168

Pisa, University of,
69

Pittsburgh, University of,
4

Plantations, sugar,
115
,
116
,
118

Plants,
6
,
20
,
30
,
33
,
65
,
89
,
150
,
211
,
232

breeding and cultivation of.
See
Agriculture

defenses developed by,
49
,
164

Plants (
cont.
)

genetics of,
54
–55

medicinal,
178

pepper.
See
Chili peppers

in Permian extinction,
24

receptors of,
69

sweet substances produced by,
107
,
132

See also specific plants

Plato,
5

Poland,
47
,
80
,
88

Pollan, Michael,
211

Portugal,
169

Positivism,
2
,
4

Post, Mark,
209
–10

Potatoes,
13
,
72
,
155
,
166
,
174
,
183
,
198
,
199

chips,
190
–94,
197
,
199
,
202
,
216

Potts, Rick,
44

Predators,
18
–20,
22
,
25
,
28
,
31
,
32

Prefrontal cortex,
205

Preservation methods,
64
,
158
.
See also
Canning

Primates,
30
–31,
38
,
41
,
43
,
143
,
171
.
See also
Apes; Chimpanzees; Monkeys

Prions,
151

Prison loaf,
198
,
200

Processed foods,
13
,
107
,
192

Prohibition,
76

Proteins, building blocks of.
See
Amino acids

Proust, Marcel,
23
,
94

Pruetz, Jill,
39
,
43

Psychology,
1
–3,
155
,
184
,
200

behavioral,
120
–21

Freudian,
5
,
6
,
120
,
121
,
176

Quest for Fire
(film),
39
–40

Quran,
112

Radiation therapy,
106

Ramsay, Gordon,
151

Ranasinghe, Nimesha,
213

Ranciaro, Alessia,
66
–68

Reade, Ben,
244

Rebaudioside C,
208
–9

Receptors,
59
,
69
,
76
,
126

color,
29

heat,
179
–82

smell,
9
,
23
,
27
,
30
,
42
,
91
,
94
,
99

taste.
See
Taste receptors

Reed, Danielle,
58

Regan, Benedict,
29

Rennet,
88
,
225

Resiniferatoxin (RTX),
178
–79

Retinas,
29
,
30
,
49
,
92

Rhinehart, Rob,
210
–13

Rhodopsin,
61

Richard I (the Lionheart), King of England,
113

Riedel, Claus,
4

Riedel, Georg,
4

Rift Valley,
45
,
163

Rio de Janeiro, Federal University of,
41

Rodbell, Martin,
59

Rokas, Antonis,
89

Rolls, Barbara,
199

Rolls, Edmund,
97
,
199

Romans, ancient,
112
,
130

Rowe, Tim,
26
–27

Rozin, Elizabeth,
183

Rozin, Paul,
148
–50,
152
,
183
–84,
186

Rusophycus
multilineatus
,
18

Russia,
191

Rützler, Hanni,
210

Ryba, Nick,
10

Saccharin,
57
,
140
–42

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
,
79
–80

Sadong tribe,
142

Salt,
2
–3,
8
,
95
,
117
,
163
,
170
,
180
,
197
,
211
,
220
,
230

excess,
139
,
196
,
197

in human body,
179
,
195
–96

as preservative,
137
,
156

in processed foods,
192
,
194
,
202

sensitivity to,
34
,
57
–58,
68

umami as substitute for,
234

Sassanid dynasty,
112

Savoriness.
See
Umami

Schultz, Wolfram,
127

Science
magazine,
55

Scientific method,
2
,
155
,
242

Scoville, Wilbur,
176
–78

Scoville units,
161
–63,
170
,
172
,
176
–78,
181
,
185

Sea anemones,
49

Searle pharmaceutical company,
131

Secarz, Lior Lev,
237
–39

Secor, Stephen,
41

Senegal,
43

Senomyx,
207
–8

Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology
(Boring),
2

Sesquiterpenes,
90

Seven Years War,
193

Sex,
6
,
21
,
95
,
119
–20,
125
,
176

cravings for,
110

deviant or inappropriate, disgust in response to,
139
,
140

and pleasure centers of brain,
122

Sheep,
78
,
86
–89,
103

Shepherd, Gordon,
92
,
94

Shepherd-Barr, Kirsten,
94

Siam,
169

Siberia, volcanic eruptions in,
23
–24

Sicily,
113

Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha),
110
–11,
113
,
118

Silk Road,
112
,
238

Simner, Julia,
100
–101

Singapore, National University of,
174

6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP),
58

Skinner, B. F.,
120
–21,
207

Skinner boxes,
207

Slave trade,
115
,
116
,
169

Smell, sense of,
2
,
48
,
49
,
80
,
90
–96,
98
–102,
164

brain structures involved in,
12
,
92
,
101
–2,
127
,
199

of children,
14

delicious,
209

disgust and,
139
,
142
,
151

evolution of,
18
,
22
–23,
26
–27,
30
,
34
,
42
,
79
,
90

memory and,
23
,
94
,
139

receptors for,
9
,
27
,
42
,
99

sex hormones and,
198

spices and,
238
,
239

umami and,
234

See also
Olfactory mechanisms

Smithsonian Institution,
166
,
240

Human Origins Program,
44

Solanaceae
,
164
,
193

Sonoran Desert,
18

Soranzo, Nicole,
66

South Africa,
35

South America,
65

Soy-based foods,
78
,
89
,
96
,
232
,
233

umami in,
98
,
235

Soylent,
211
–13

Spain,
50
,
63
,
168
–69,
191

colonies of,
114
–15,
176
,
193

cuisine of,
220

Spices,
105
,
113
,
168
–70,
236
–39

acidic,
105

See also
Chili peppers

Spindle neurons,
147

Splenda,
131

Stanford University,
53
,
205

Stem cells,
208
–10

Stevia,
108

Stevia rebaudiana
,
132

Still Life with Absinthe
(van Gogh),
75

Stone Age tribes,
141
,
142

Streptococcus
,
87

Studies on Fermentation
(Pasteur),
218

Sucralose,
131
–32

Sucrose,
118
,
130
,
131

Sugar,
3
,
107
–19,
121
–24,
126
–32,
164
,
189
,
196
,
200

amino acids combined with.
See
Maillard reactions

bitterness and,
50
–52,
72

in fermentation process,
69
,
80
–82,
84
–85,
89
,
98
,
217
,
253

Sugar (
cont.
)

in food preservation,
156

for infants and children,
14
,
87

overindulgence in,
107
–9,
118
–19,
128
–30,
164
,
192
,
195
,
197

pleasure response to,
110
–11,
119
–24,
126
–28,
201
,
207

refined, production of,
109
–18,
168
,
199

substitutes for,
108
–9,
130
–33,
207
,
209

in synthetic meat,
210

See also
Sweetness

Sustainable agriculture,
228

Sweating,
163
,
174
–75,
179
,
187

Sweetness,
2
–3,
8
,
68
,
77
,
95
,
99
,
200
,
202

aromas and,
99
,
102
,
171

bitterness balanced with,
51
–53,
77
,
99

evolutionary role of response to,
27
,
34
,
163

receptors for,
9
,
11
,
60
–61,
98
,
105
,
129
–30,
207

See also
Sugar

Switzerland,
75
,
76

Synapses,
15
,
42
,
94
,
206

Symposium
(Plato),
5

Synsepalum dulcificum
,
105
–6

Synesthesia,
99
–100,
102

Syria,
238

Szechuan peppers,
180

Ta Henket,
84

Taino people,
114
,
115
,
168

Tapassu,
111

Tasmania,
109

Taste receptors,
4
,
9
,
70
–71,
96
–99,
105
,
129
,
175
,
180
,
195
–98,
235

artificial sweeteners and,
130
–31

DNA of,
9
–11,
48
,
60
–63,
67
,
69
,
207

fat and,
12
,
195

fMRI studies of,
11
–12,
95

TAS2R38,
61
,
66
,
71

Tate & Lyle Corporation,
131

Terroir,
222
,
224
,
227
,
243

Tewksbury, Jonathan,
165

Texas, University of,
26

Thailand,
191

cuisine of,
170
,
173