Terrible Swift Sword (70 page)

26
House Executive Document No. 1, 41–2, 45–46.

27
Sheridan Papers, Reel 9; Drake,
Little Phil
, 497–498; Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 271, 288–337; Jerome A. Greene,
Washita: The U.S. Army and the Southern Cheyennes, 1867–1869
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004), 129; Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 93, 126–134.

28
Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 347–380; Sheridan Papers, Reel 76; Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 139, 140–143, 146; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 151.

29
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:324–326; Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 102–111, plate facing 77; Drake,
Little Phil
, 501–503.

30
Keim,
Sheridan's Troopers
, 137.

31
Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 388–389; Sheridan Papers, Reel 76.

32
House Executive Document No. 1, 41–2, 48.

33
Keim,
Sheridan's Troopers
, 142–150; Rister,
Border Command
, 107–108; Sheridan Papers, Reel 76; Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:328; Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 156–257.

34
Rister,
Border Command
, 117–118; Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 96; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 59, 84; Keim,
Sheridan's Troopers
, 150; Lonnie J. White, ed., “The Nineteenth Kansas Cavalry in the Indian Territory, 1868–1869: Eyewitness Accounts of Sheridan's Winter Campaign,” in
Indian Wars of the Red River Valley
, ed. William Leckie (Sacramento, CA: Sierra Oaks Publishing Company, 1986), 30–32.

35
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:318–319.

36
Sheridan Papers, Reel 76; Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 91–92.

37
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:330.

38
Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 164.

39
Ibid.; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 43, 83–85.

40
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 95–97; Utley, “Total War,” 411; Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 161–162, 193–194.

41
Rister,
Border Command
, 66–67; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 98; House Executive Document No. 1, 41–2, 48.

42
House Executive Document No. 1, 41–2, 47.

43
Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 426; Sheridan Papers, Reel 76.

44
Sheridan Papers, Reel 76.

45
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:334–335; Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 458.

46
Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 167.

47
House Executive Document No. 1, 41–2, 49.

48
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 54; Sheridan Papers, Reel 76.

49
Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 168.

50
Sheridan Papers, Reel 76.

51
Rister,
Border Command
, 136–138.

52
Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 479; Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:344.

53
Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 566–569, 584, 589–608.

54
Davies,
General Sheridan,
292–293; David L. Spotts,
Campaigning with Custer and the Nineteenth Kansas Volunteer Cavalry on the Washita Campaign, 1868–1869
(New York: Argonaut Press, 1965), 125.

55
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 157; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 111–112.

56
Sheridan Papers, Reel 17.

57
Keim,
Sheridan's Troopers
, 307; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 113–114; Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:346–347; Rister,
Border Command,
147.

1
Moritz Busch,
Bismarck: Some Secret Pages from His History
, vol. 1 (London and New York: MacMillan, 1898), 171.

2
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 153–154; Drake,
Little Phil
, 539; O'Connor,
Sheridan the Inevitable
, 320.

3
Drake,
Little Phil
, 546.

4
Philip H. Sheridan and Michael Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs of Philip Henry Sheridan, General, United States Army. New and Enlarged Edition, with an Account of His Life from 1871 to His Death, in 1888
, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1902), 2:578; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 142.

5
Sheridan Papers, Reels 7, 101; Drake,
Little Phil
, 547; O'Connor,
Sheridan the Inevitable
, 320.

6
Hoig,
The Battle of the Washita
, 194; Robert Winston Mardock,
The Reformers and the American Indian
(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1971), 87–88; Sheridan Papers, Reel 8.

7
Mardock,
The Reformers,
67–68; Sheridan Papers, Reel 85; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 190–191. The death total was probably higher; the Piegans reported more than two hundred killed.

8
Sheridan Papers, Reel 85.

9
Sheridan Papers, Reel 92; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 192.

10
Sheridan Papers, Reel 91; Grant Papers, 20:119–120.

11
Mardock,
The Reformers
, 67–74; Drake,
Little Phil
, 55.

12
Sheridan Papers, Reel 92; Mardock,
The Reformers
, 67–74, 95.

13
Sheridan Papers, Reel 92.

14
Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
, 3rd ed. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 505; Drake,
Little Phil
, 517; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 180.

15
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:348–349; Sheridan Papers, Reel 48.

16
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:358–359.

17
Ibid., 360–363.

18
Gilbert,
The Norton History of Modern Europe,
1117–1124, 1086; Otto von Bismarck,
Bismarck: The Memoirs
(New York: Howard Fertig, 1966), 2:100–101.

19
Gilbert,
The Norton History of Modern Europe
, 1110–1112; Bismarck,
Bismarck
, 2:99; Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler, eds.,
On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861–1871
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 2–3.

20
Busch,
Bismarck
, 90; Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:363–374; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 202.

21
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:374–376; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 202–203.

22
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:378–380.

23
Ibid., 382–383.

24
Ibid., 384–386; Rister,
Border Command
, 164; Busch,
Bismarck
, 96, 98.

25
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:400–410.

26
Gilbert,
The Norton History of Modern Europe
, 1127; Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:414.

27
Busch,
Bismarck
, 1717, 223–224; Geoffrey Wawro,
The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 237–238, 264–265, 279.

28
Grant Papers, 20:216–217; Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:398, 448–451.

29
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:431–436.

30
Ibid., 436–444, 452–453; Gilbert,
The Norton History of Modern Europe
, 1166–1167; Förster and Nagler,
On the Road to Total War
, 2–3; Jay Luvaas, “The Influence of the German Wars of Unification on the United States,” in
On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861–1871
, ed. Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 599.

31
Sheridan Papers, Reel 85.

32
Charles M. Robinson III,
The Buffalo Hunters
(Austin, TX: State House Press, 1995), 33–41; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 207.

33
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 207–208.

34
Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:300–301; General Henry E. Davies,
Ten Days on the Plains
(Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press, 1983
)
, 28.

35
Robinson,
Buffalo Hunters
, 38–41; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 208.

36
Davies,
General Sheridan
, 300; Sheridan Papers, Reel 101; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 208; O'Connor,
Sheridan the Inevitable
, 321; Robinson,
Buffalo Hunters
, 39–41.

37
Sheridan and Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:486; O'Connor,
Sheridan the Inevitable
, 322; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 212–215.

38
Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 79–85.

39
Sheridan and Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:486–487.

40
Ibid., 488–490.

41
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 215–216.

42
Sheridan and Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:495.

43
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 214–215; William F. Cody,
Buffalo Bill's Life Story: An Autobiography
(New York: Cosmopolitan Book Corporation, 1920), 250–258; Robinson,
Buffalo Hunters
, 43–45.

44
Sheridan and Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:472–482; Karen Sawislak,
Smoldering City: Chicagoans and the Great Fire, 1871–1874
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 53; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 209–212; O'Connor,
Sheridan the Inevitable
, 312–315; Drake,
Little Phil
, 539; Sheridan Papers, Reel 3; Davies,
General Sheridan
, 299.

1
John R. Cook,
The Border and the Buffalo: An Untold Story of the Southwest Plains
(Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1938), 113.

2
Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 214, 221; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 401–402.

3
Carlson,
The Plains Indians
, 159–160; Robinson,
Buffalo Hunters
, 18; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 401–404.

4
Robinson,
Buffalo Hunters
, 76; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 52–53, 56–57.

5
Robinson,
Buffalo Hunters
, 85; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 69–70, 29.

6
Robinson,
Buffalo Hunters
, 86–87; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 76–77; Carlson,
The Plains Indians
, 159–160.

7
Charles M. Robinson III,
Bad Hand: A Biography of General Ronald S. Mackenzie
(Austin, TX: State House Press, 1993), 57.

8
Custer,
My Life on the Plains
, 22; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 145.

9
Sheridan and Sheridan,
Personal Memoirs
, 2:496; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 246–247.

10
Sheridan Papers, Reel 13, Box 7; House Executive Document No. 1, 43–2, 27–29.

11
Sheridan Papers, Reel 17; David D. Smits, “The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo,”
The Western Historical Quarterly
25, no. 3 (Autumn 1994): 317.

12
Carlson,
The Plains Indians
, ix–x; Philbrick,
The Last Stand
, 110; Smits, “The Frontier Army,” 327; Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 213; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 21–27; Robinson,
Buffalo Hunters
, 103, 56–58, 66–67.

13
Smits, “The Frontier Army,” 330.

14
Cook,
The Border and the Buffalo
, 113.

15
Smits, “The Frontier Army,” 332.

16
Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 248.

17
William Leckie, ed.,
Indian Wars of the Red River Valley
(Sacramento, CA: Sierra Oaks Publishing Company, 1986), 1–2; Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 188.

18
Robinson,
Bad Hand
, 13–38; Grant,
Personal Memoirs
, 583.

19
Robinson,
Bad Hand
, xvi–xvii, 106, 156–157; Robert G. Carter,
On the Border with Mackenzie
(Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2007), 549.

20
Haley,
The Buffalo War
, 170. The Kiowa chief Satanta, known as the “Orator of the Plains” for his long speeches derogating the whites, actually boasted to Sherman at Fort Sill, where the Kiowas were seeking rations and sanctuary, about having killed the muleteers. Sherman angrily ordered his arrest after a tense confrontation in which someone fired an arrow at the general. Sherman ordered Satanta and fellow Kiowas Big Tree and Satank sent to Texas to stand trial for murder. Satank was killed just outside the fort while trying to escape. A Texas jury convicted Satanta and Big Tree and sentenced them to death, but Governor Edmund Davis commuted their sentences to life in prison. In 1873, over the objections of Sheridan and Sherman, the two Kiowa leaders were released as part of Grant's Peace Policy. After the Red River War, Satanta was returned to prison in Huntsville, Texas, where in 1878 he would throw himself off the prison's top story and die. Utley,
Frontier Regulars
, 209–212; Hutton,
Phil Sheridan and His Army
, 233–235; Rister,
Border Command
, 189–190.