The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (36 page)

    
50
. Khan,
Eating Grass
, p. 157.

    
51
. Corera,
Shopping for Bombs
, p. 44.

    
52
. R. Jeffrey Smith, “US aides see troubling trend in China-Pakistan nuclear ties”,
Washington Post
, 1 Apr. 1996.

    
53
. Corera,
Shopping for Bombs
, p. 46.

    
54
. “US Embassy Pakistan Cable 15696 to State Department, ‘Pakistan Nuclear Issue: Meeting with General Zia’”, 17 Oct. 1982, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive State Department Mandatory Declassification Review release. Obtained and contributed by William Burr and included
in NPIHP Research Update #6.
http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114254,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
55
. Coll, Steve,
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
, London: Penguin Books, 2004, p. 51.

    
56
. U.S. Department of Defense Cable 06242 to State Department, Meeting between Secretary of Defense Harold Brown and Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping, Secretary of Defense, 8 Jan. 1980,
https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/347015-doc-3–1–31–80.html,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
57
. Kux, Dennis,
The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies
, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001, p. 259.

    
58
. U.S. Department of State Memorandum of Conversation, RG 59, Records of Henry Kissinger, Entry 5403, Box 5, Nodis Memoranda of Conversations, 31 Oct. 1974,
http://2001–2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e8/97002.htm,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
59
. Ali, Mahmud,
U.S.-China
, p. 81.

    
60
. Ibid. pp. 82–3.

    
61
. Ibid. p. 137.

    
62
. Akhund, Iqbal,
Memoirs of a Bystander: A Life in Diplomacy
, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 238; when I have raised this quote, and topic, with Michael Pillsbury he has stated that information around the subject remains classified.

    
63
. Mann, James,
About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China, from Nixon to Clinton
, New York: Knopf, 1998, p. 73–4.

    
64
.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976: Volume XVIII, China, 1973–1976, Document 124
, U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, 21 Oct. 1975,
http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969–76v18/d124,
last accessed 14 Feb. 2014.

    
65
. Mann,
About Face
, pp. 74–5; Ali,
U.S.-China
, 2005, p. 142.

    
66
. Ali,
U.S.-China
, p. 142.

    
67
. Fravel and Medeiros, “China’s Search”, p. 54.

    
68
. Tyler, Patrick,
A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China: An Investigative History
, New York: A Century Foundation Book, 1999, p. 285.

    
69
. Michael Pillsbury, “U.S.-Chinese Military Ties?”,
Foreign Policy
, No. 20, Autumn 1975, p. 58.

    
70
. “China Policy and the National Security Council”, National Security Council Project Oral History Roundtables, Ivo H. Daalder and I.M. Destler (moderators); Shakira Edwards and Josh Pollack (rapporteurs), 4 Nov. 1999.

    
71
. Tyler,
A Great Wall
, pp. 284–5.

    
72
. US Department of Commerce, “US-China Relations”, Washington, DC, Aug. 1995, in Ali,
U.S.-China
, p. 251.

    
73
. Tyler,
A Great Wall
, pp. 284–5.

    
74
. Jeffrey T. Richelson, “The Wizards of Langley: The CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology” in Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri and Christopher M. Andrew (eds),
Eternal Vigilance? 50 Years of the CIA
, Newbury Park: Frank Cass and Company, 1997, p. 94.

    
75
. Gates, Robert M.,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War
, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007, p. 123; Bob Woodward,
Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987
, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005, pp. 63–4.

    
76
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, p. 123.

    
77
. James A. Gregor, “The People’s Republic of China as a Western Security Asset”,
Air University Review
, Jul.-Aug. 1983,
http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1983/jul-aug/gregor.html,
last accessed 22 Jan. 2014.

    
78
. “Risk Assessment of the Sale of the e69”, Central Intelligence Agency, Memorandum for Frank Carlucci, Document number CIA-RD84B000 49R001604090013–3, approved for release 14 Jun. 2007.
http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/347031/doc-15-a-11–8–82.txt,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
79
. Ibid.

    
80
. Albright, David and Paul Brannan and Andrea Scheel Stricker, “Self-Serving Leaks from the A.Q. Khan Circle”, Institute for Science and International Security, 9 Dec. 2009,
http://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/self-serving-leaks-from-the-a.q.-khan-circle/20,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
81
. Jeffrey Lewis, “China’s New Centrifuge Plants”,
Arms Control Wonk
, 17 Sep. 2013,
http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/6826/chinas-new-centrifuge-plants,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
82
. “Nuclear Weapons Systems in China”, Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Estimative Brief, 24 Apr. 1984,
http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/19990527/01–01.htm,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
83
. Ibid.

    
84
. Mann,
About Face
, p. 140.

    
85
. Corera,
Shopping for Bombs
, p. 45.

    
86
. Khan,
Eating Grass
, p. 175.

    
87
. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2013.

    
88
. “Pakistan Derives its First “Hatf” Missiles from Foreign Space Rockets”,
The Risk Report
, Vol. 1, No. 8, Oct. 1995.

    
89
. Khan,
Eating Grass
, p. 238.

    
90
. Ibid.

    
91
. Ibid. p. 240.

    
92
. Vikram Sood in Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao and Cheng-Yi Lin,
The Rise
of China: Beijing’s Strategies and Implications for the Asia-Pacific
, London: Routledge, 2009, p. 242.

    
93
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, p. 258.

    
94
. Khan,
Eating Grass
, p. 238.

    
95
. Ibid. p. 239.

    
96
. John W. Garver, “Future of the Sino-Pakistani Entente Cordiale”, in Michael R. Chambers,
South Asia in 2020: Future Strategic Balances and Alliances
, Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2002, p. 22; 405.

    
97
. “Shaheen-II/Hatf-6/Ghaznavi”, Strategic Security Project, 10 Mar. 2004,
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/missile/shaheen-2.htm,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
98
. Jeffrey Lewis, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Artillery”,
Arms Control Wonk
, 12 Dec. 2011,
http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/4866/pakistans-nuclear-artillery,
last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

    
99
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, p. 249.

100
. Jeffrey R. Smith, “Chinese missile launchers sighted in Pakistan,”
Washington Post
, 6 Apr. 1991.

101
. Mann,
About Face
, p. 271.

102
. Shirley A. Kan, “China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues”, CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Office, 7–5700, 23 Dec. 2009, p. 3.

103
. Reed, Thomas C. and Danny B. Stillman,
The Nuclear Express: A Political History of the Bomb and Its Proliferation
, Minneapolis: Zenith Press, 2009, p. 252.

104
. Shirley A. Kan, “China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues”, CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Office, 7–5700, 23 Dec. 2009, p. 5.

105
. Levy and Scott-Clark,
Deception
, p. 173.

106
. Ottaway, David B.,
The King’s Messenger: Prince Bandar bin Sultan and America’s Tangled Relationship with Saudi Arabia
, New York: Walker Publishing Company, 2008, p. 69.

107
. Ibid. p. 70.

108
. Ibid.; Bin Sultan, Khaled,
Desert Warrior: A Personal View of the Gulf War by the Joint Forces Commander
, London: HarperCollins, 1995, pp. 139–41.

109
. Ibid. p. 145.

110
. Khan,
Eating Grass
, p. 383.

111
. See for instance, citations in Levy and Catherine
Deception
, pp. 173, 225–6 and Lynch, Thomas,
Crisis Stability and Nuclear Exchange Risks on the Subcontinent: Major Trends and the Iran Factor
, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University Press, November 2013.

112
. Ottaway,
The King’s Messenger
, p. 230; “Saudi Arabia Special Weapons”, Global Security,
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/saudi/,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

113
. Tariq Butt, “Nawaz visits Kahuta nuclear labs for the fourth time”,
The News
, 5 Oct. 2013,
http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2–206358-Nawaz-visits-Kahuta-nuclear-labs-for-the-fourth-time,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

114
. Ottaway,
The King’s Messenger
, p. 230.

115
. “Saudi nuclear weapons ‘on order’ from Pakistan”, BBC News, 6 Nov. 2013,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24823846,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

116
. Gary Samore quoted in Ibid.

117
. Jeff Stein, “CIA helped Saudis in secret Chinese missile deal”,
Newsweek
, 29 Jan. 2014,
http://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-cia-helped-saudis-chinese-missile-deal-227283#.UuoRJKq3YmA.twitter,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

118
. Jeffrey Lewis, “Saudi Missile Claims”,
Arms Control Wonk
, 8 Jun. 2010,
http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2761/china-and-saudi-bms,last
accessed 18 Nov. 2013.

119
. Ottaway,
The King’s Messenger
, p. 231.

120
. Kamran Khan, “Pakistanis say they are studying U.S. missile, Tomahawk was recovered after raid on camps in Afghanistan”,
Washington Post
, 28 Aug. 1998.

121
. Sanger, David E.,
Confront and Conceal: Obama’s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power
, New York: Crown Publishing, 2012, p. 102; Mark Mazzetti, “U.S. aides believe China examined stealth copter”,
New York Times
, 14 Aug. 2011,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/15/world/asia/15copter.html,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

122
. “Saving the F-16 program”, U.S. State Department Cable,
The Hindu
, 30 May 2011,
http://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/the-cables/197576-saving-the-f16-program/article2059826.ece,
last accessed 22 Jan. 2014.

123
. Perkovich,
India’s Nuclear Bomb
, p. 108.

124
. Cohen, Stephen P.,
Pakistan Army
, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984, p. 153.

125
. Tellis, Ashley and C. Christine Fair and Jamison Jo Melby,
Limited Conflicts under the Nuclear Umbrella: Indian and Pakistani Lessons from the Kargil Crisis
, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001, p. 48–9.

126
. Tom Hundley, “Pakistan and India: Race to the End”,
Foreign Policy
, 5 Sep. 2012,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/05/race_to_the_end,
last accessed 22 Jan. 2014.

127
. Michael Krepon, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Strategy and Deterrence Stability”, Stimson Center, Dec. 2012, p. 9,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Krepon_-_Pakistan_Nuclear_Strategy_and_Deterrence_Stability.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

128
. “Wikileaks: US on Indian Army’s Cold Start Doctrine”, U.S. State Department Cable, 26 Feb. 2010, released by NDTV,
http://www.ndtv.com/article/wikileaks-india-cables
wikileaks-us-on-indian-army-s-cold-start-doctrine-69859

129
. Michael Krepon, “Pakistan’s Nuclear Strategy and Deterrence Stability”, Stimson Center, Dec. 2012, p. 9,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/Krepon_-_Pakistan_Nuclear_Strategy_and_Deterrence_Stability.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

130
. Quoted in David O. Smith, “The US Experience With Tactical Nuclear Weapons: Lessons For South Asia”, Stimson Centre, 4 Mar. 2013, p. 32,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/David_Smith_Tactical_Nuclear_Weapons.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.