The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (39 page)

    
15
. Hassan Hassan, “Revealed: the plot to blow up DragonMart”,
The National
, 9 Jul. 2010,
http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/courts/revealed-the-plot-to-blow-up-dragonmart,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
16
. Raffaello Pantucci, “Uyghurs Convicted in East Turkestan Islamic Movement”,
Terrorism Monitor
, Vol. 8, Issue 29, 22 Jul. 2010,
http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=36656#.UucOojo1hMs,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
17
. Hassan Hassan, “Uighur terrorists jailed for DragonMart bomb plot”,
The National
, 1 Jul. 2010,
http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/courts/uighur-terrorists-jailed-for-dragonmart-bomb-plot,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
18
. Hassan Hassan, “Revealed: the plot to blow up DragonMart”, 9 Jul. 2010,
The National
,
http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/courts/revealed-the-plot-to-blow-up-dragonmart,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
19
. Hassan Hassan, “Uighur terrorists jailed for DragonMart bomb plot”,
The National
, 1 Jul. 2010,
http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/courts/uighur-terrorists-jailed-for-dragonmart-bomb-plot,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
20
. Lattimore, Owen,
Inner Asian Frontiers of China
, New York: American Geographical Society, 1940, p. 171.

    
21
. James A. Millward and Peter Perdue, “Political Histories and Strategies of Control”, in Starr (ed.),
Xinjiang
, pp. 77–85.

    
22
. Dillon, Michael,
Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Far Northwest
, London: Routledge, 2009, p. 77.

    
23
. For a detailed analysis of how Xinjiang was affected by the Cultural Revolution, see Millward and Perdue, pp. 94–8.

    
24
. James A. Millward, “Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment”, East-West Center, Policy Studies 6, 2005, p. 7,
http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS006.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
25
. Rémi Castets, “The Uyghurs in Xinjiang—The Malaise Grows”,
China Perspectives
, Issue 49, Sep.-Oct. 2003,
http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/648#tocto1n6,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
26
. Dru C. Gladney, “The Chinese Program of Development and Control, 1978–2001”, in Starr (ed.),
Xinjiang
, p. 109.

    
27
. Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xingiang’s Uighurs”,
Asian Survey
, Vol. XLV, 4, University of California Press, July/August 2005, p. 525,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/XINJIANG.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
28
. Ibid.; see also: Alessandro Rippa, “From Uyghurs to Kashgari”,
The Diplomat
, Dec. 20 2013,
http://thediplomat.com/2013/12/from-uyghurs-to-kashgari/
last accessed 13 Feb. 2014.

    
29
. Yitzhak Shichor, “Great Wall of Steel: Military and Strategy in Xinjiang”, in Starr (ed.),
Xinjiang
, p. 144; Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xingiang’s Uighurs”,
Asian Survey
, Vol. XLV, 4, University of California Press, July/August 2005, p. 525,
http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/XINJIANG.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; Rippa, “From Uyghurs to Kashgari”.

    
30
. Millward, “Violent Separatism”, p. 9.

    
31
. Fravel, M. Taylor,
Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China’s Territorial Disputes
, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 155.

    
32
. See (on new transport links) John W. Garver, “China’s Influence in Central and South Asia: Is it Increasing?” in David Shambaugh (ed.),
Power Shift: China and East Asia’s New Dynamics
, Los Angeles: University of California Press, p. 215.

    
33
. Matthew Oresman, “Repaving the Silk Road: China’s Emergence in Central Asia”, in Joshua Eisenmann, Eric Heginbotham and Derek Mitchell (eds),
China and the Developing World: Beijing’s Strategy for the Twenty-First Century
, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2007, p. 77.

    
34
. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang”, China Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, January 2008, p. 4,
http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA493744,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
35
. Leavitt, Sandra Ruth, “Persuasion, Coercion, and Neglect: Understanding State Policy and the Mobilization of Muslim Minorities in Asia”, PhD Dissertation, Georgetown University, 2008, p. 134.

    
36
. Starr (ed.),
Xinjiang
, p. 15.

    
37
. Reed, J. Todd and Diana Raschke,
The ETIM: China’s Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat
, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2010, p. 77.

    
38
. Brent Hierman, “The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002”,
Problems of Post-Communism
, May/June 2007,
http://www.academia.edu/329476/The_Pacification_of_Xinjiang_Uighur_Protest_and_the_Chinese_State_1988–2002,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
39
. Julie R. Sirrs, Sirrs, J.,
The Taliban’s Foreign Fighters: A Report Prepared for the Committee for a Free Afghanistan
, Washington: Committee for a Free Afghanistan, 21 January 2001, pp. 1–8.

    
40
. Ibid.

    
41
. Daniel Klaidman,
Kill or Capture: The War on Terror and the Soul of the Obama Presidency
, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012, p. 98.

    
42
. See, for instance, “The terrorist nature of ‘east Turkestan’ separatists”,
China Daily
, 23 Jul. 2009,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009–07/23/content_8466072.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; “China cites East Turkistan Islamic Movement terrorist threat”,
Global Times
, 1 Nov. 2013,
http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/821971.shtml#.Uuozxz1dV2o,
last accessed 30 Jan. 2014; or “World Uyghur Congress behind Xinjiang violence: expert”,
China Daily
, 7 Jul. 2009,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009–07/07/content_8389647.htm,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
43
. Dillon,
Xinjiang
, p. 58.

    
44
. James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun, “Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978”, in Starr (ed.),
Xinjiang
, p. 97.

    
45
. Ibid.

    
46
. Castets, “The Uyghurs”.

    
47
. See, for instance, Justin Rudelson and William Jankowiak, “Acculturation and Resistance: Xinjiang Identities in Flux”, in Starr (ed.),
Xinjiang
, pp. 316–17; Millward, “Violent Separatism”, p. 28; Acharya, Arabinda, Rohan Gunaratna and Wang Pengxin,
Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China
, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, p. 49; Bovingdon, Gardner,
The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010, pp. 60, 66, 123–5; Dillon,
Xinjiang
, pp. 63–5; and, for good measure,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baren_Township_riot

    
48
. Castets, “The Uyghurs “.

    
49
. Millward, “Violent Separatism”, p. 12.

    
50
. Bovingdon,
The Uyghurs
, p. 124.

    
51
. Millward, “Violent Separatism”, p. 28.

    
52
. Castets, “The Uyghurs”.

    
53
. “’East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity”, PRC State Council Information Office, 21 Jan. 2002,
http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Jan/25582.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
54
. Reed, J. Todd and Diana Raschke,
The ETIM: China’s Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat
, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 2010, p. 39.

    
55
. Ibid. p. 38.

    
56
. Author interviews in Peshawar, June 2013.

    
57
. Reed and Raschke,
The ETIM
, p. 48.

    
58
. Ibid.

    
59
. Acharya, Gunaratna and Pengxin,
Ethnic Identity
, p. 55.

    
60
. B. Raman, “Explosions in Xinjiang”, South Asia Analysis Group, Paper no. 1232, 27 Jan. 2005,
http://web.archive.org/web/20070927194700/http://www.saag.org/papers13/paper1232.html,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
61
. Reed and Raschke,
The ETIM
, p. 48.

    
62
. “’East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away With Impunity”, PRC State Council Information Office, 21 Jan. 2002,
http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Jan/25582.htm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
63
. Murad Batal Al-shishani, “Journal of the Turkistan Islamic Party Urges Jihad in China”,
Terrorism Monitor
, 10 Apr. 2009,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2227307/posts,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
64
. Rashid, Ahmed,
Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia
, New York: Penguin Group, 2003, p. 142.

    
65
. Ibid. p. 9 and p. 142; Enze Han,
Contestation and Adaptation: The Politics of National Identity in China
, Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 61.

    
66
. Ahmed Rashid, “They’re only sleeping”,
New Yorker
, 14 Jan. 2002,
http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/01/14/020114fa_FACT,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
67
. Rashid,
Jihad
, pp. 145–8.

    
68
. Ibid. p. 204.

    
69
. Chung Chien-peng, “Confronting Terrorism and Other Evils in China: All Quiet on the Western Front?”,
China and Eurasia Foreign Quarterly
, Vol. 4, No. 2, May 2006, p. 77.

    
70
. Rebecca Louise Nadin, “China and the Shanghai 5/Shanghai Cooperation Organization: 1996–2006, A Decade on the New Diplomatic Frontier”, PhD Dissertation, University of Sheffield, 2007,
http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443900,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
71
. Rashid,
Jihad
, pp. 70–71.

    
72
. Cohen, Stephen P.,
The Idea of Pakistan
, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004, p. 104.

    
73
. Rubin, Barnett,
Afghanistan in the Post-Cold War Era
, New York: Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 366.

    
74
. Nawaz, Shuja,
Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army and the Wars Within
, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 206.

    
75
. “Jamaat Secretary General gets death for war crimes in Bangladesh”,
Tehelka Daily
, 17 Jul. 2013,
http://www.tehelka.com/jamaat-secretary-general-gets-death-
for-war-crimes-in-bangladesh/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
76
. John W. Garver,
Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century
, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001, p. 95; Lintner, Bertil,
Great Game East: India, China and the Struggle for Asia’s Most Volatile Frontier
, New Delhi: Harpers Today, 2012, pp. 147–159 and pp. 336–43.

    
77
. Lintner,
Great Game East
, p. 149.

    
78
. Ibid. p. 342.

    
79
. Ibid. p. xi.

    
80
. Ibid. pp. 336–9; Garver,
Protracted Contest
, p. 94.

    
81
. Lintner,
Great Game East
, p. xii.

    
82
. Garver,
Protracted Contest
, p. 94.

    
83
. “Unravelling Chittagong arms haul mystery”, Policy Research Group, 1 Oct., 2010,
http://policyresearchgroup.com/regional_weekly/hot_topics/unravelling_chittagong_arms_haul_mystery.html,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013;
Jane’s Intelligence Review
, 1 May 2004 and 1 August 2004, referenced in Lintner,
Great Game East
, pp. 344–5.

    
84
. Coll, Steve,
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden
, London: Penguin, 2004, p. 66; also see a more extensive treatment of the episode in Chapter 6, “Tea with the Taliban”.

    
85
. George Garner, “The Afghan Taliban and Pakistan’s ‘Strategic Depth’”,
Bellum
(a project of the
Stanford Review
), 17 May 2010,
http://bellum.stanfordreview.org/?p=2184,
last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.

    
86
. Jamal, Arif,
Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir
, New York: Melville House Printing, 2009, p. 108–110.