The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics (37 page)

131
. Shashank Joshi, “Pakistan’s Tactical Nuclear Nightmare: Déjà vu?”,
Washington Quarterly
, Summer 2013, p. 165,
http://csis.org/files/publication/TWQ_13Summer_Joshi.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

132.
Michael Krepon, “The Arms Crawl that Wasn’t”,
Arms Control Wonk
, 2 Nov. 2011,
http://krepon.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/3265/the-arms-crawl-that-wasn’t,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

3. RE-HYPHENATING INDIA

    
1
. Reproduced in Dixit, J.N.,
India-Pakistan in War and Peace
, New York: Routledge, 2002, pp. 148–9.

    
2
. Jiang Zemin, “Carrying Forward Generations of Friendly and Good-Neighbourly Relations and Endeavouring Towards a Better Tomorrow for All”, Address to the Pakistani Senate, Dec. 1996, reproduced in Noor ul- Haq,
China-Pakistan Relations: A Profile of Friendship
, available at http://
www.ipripak.org/factfiles/ff60.shtml,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
3
. Li Keqiang, “Seize the New Opportunities in India-China Cooperation”, speech at the Indian Council of World Affairs, 21 May 2013, available at,
http://www.ipripak.org/factfiles/ff60.shtml,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
4
. Riaz Mohammad Khan, “Pakistan-China Relations: An Overview” in “60 Years Of Pakistan-China Relations”,
Pakistan Horizon
, Vol. 64, No. 4, Oct. 2011; Masood Khalid, “Pakistan-China relations: an exemplary friendship”,
Daily Times
, 22 May 2013,
http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/editorial/22-May-2013/view-pakistan-china-relations-an-exemplary-friendship-masoodkhalid,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
5
. Eisenman, Joshua, Eric Heginbotham and Derek Mitchell,
China and the Developing World: Beijing’s Strategy for the Twenty-First Century
, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe/East Gate Books, 2007, p. 146; Murray Scot Tanner, Kerry B. Dumbaugh and Ian M. Easton, “Distracted Antagonists, Wary Partners: China and India Assess their Security Relations”, CNA China Studies, Sep. 2011, pp. 9–12,
http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Distracted%20Antagonists%2C%20Wary%20Partners%20D0025816%20A1.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
6
. Garver, John W.,
Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century
, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001, p. 6.

    
7
. Robert S. Ross, “The 1995–1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation Coercion, Credibility, and the Use of Force”,
International Security
, 25:2, Fall 2000, p. 1,
http://ppe.wiki.hci.edu.sg/file/view/ross3.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
8
. Scott, David,
China Stands Up: The PRC and the International System
, New York: Routledge, 2007, p. 86.

    
9
. “China makes nuclear pledge as it signs border deal with India”, Agence France Presse, 29 Nov. 1996.

    
10
. Jiang Zemin, Address to the Pakistani Senate, Dec. 1996.

    
11
. Garver,
Protracted Contest
, p. 231.

    
12
. Then US ambassador to Pakistan Thomas Simons Jr., quoted in Aparna Pande,
Explaining Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: Escaping India
, New York: Routledge, 2011, p. 128.

    
13
. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2013.

    
14
. Perkovich, George,
India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation
, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999, p. 191.

    
15
. Tellis, Ashley,
India as a New Global Power: An Action Agenda for the United States
, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005, p. 50.

    
16
. Jayshree Bajoria and Esther Pan, “The U.S.-India Nuclear Deal”, Council on Foreign Relations, 5 Nov. 2010,
http://www.cfr.org/india/us-india-nuclear-deal/p9663,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

    
17
. Indrani Bagchi, “Austria, Ireland against NSG waiver for India”,
Times of India
, 6 Sep. 2008,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008–09–06/india/27892506_1_proliferation-full-civil-nuclear-cooperation-global-nuclear-commerce,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; R. Jeffrey Smith and Joby Warrick, “What Happens in Vienna …”,
Arms Control Wonk
, 12 Sep. 2008,
http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2039/what-happened-friday-night,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
18
. Author interviews in Washington, Jun. 2013.

    
19
. Rice, Condoleezza,
No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington
, New York: Random House, 2012, p. 698.

    
20
. Clark T. Randt, Jr. “Ambassador Presses MFA AFM Liu On Nuclear Suppliers Group Draft Exception For India”, U.S. State Department Cable, 3 Sep. 2008,
https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08BEIJING3401_a.html,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
21
. Siddarth Varadarajan, “Inscrutable Chinese Behaviour at NSG Meet in Vienna”,
Mainstream Weekly
, Vol. XLVI, No. 40, 20 Sep. 2008,
http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article940.html,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
22
. “Indo-US Nuclear Deal at the Nuclear Suppliers Group”, seminar report, Institute of Peace Conflict Studies, 17 Sep. 2008,
http://www.ipcs.org/seminar/india/indo-us-nuclear-deal-at-the-nuclear-suppliers-group-619.html,last
accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
23
. Siddarth Varadarajan, “Inscrutable Chinese Behaviour at NSG Meet in Vienna”,
Mainstream Weekly
, Vol. XLVI, No. 40, 20 September 2008,
http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article940.html,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
24
. “China showing ‘flexibility’ on border talks with India”,
Times of India
, 29 Sep. 2008; Harsh V. Pant, “China and India: A Rivalry Takes Shape”,
E-Notes
, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Jun. 2011, p. 5,
http://www.fpri.org/enotes/201106.pant.china_india.pdf,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
25
. Somini Sengupta and Mark Mazzetti, “Atomic club votes to end restrictions on India”,
New York Times
, 6 Sep. 2008,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/world/asia/07india.html?pagewanted=all,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
26
. “India conveys unhappiness to China over its role in NSG”,
Outlook India
, 8 Sep. 2008,
http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=606511,27
Jan. 2014.

    
27
. Author interviews in Beijing, 2005–08.

    
28
. Author interviews in Beijing, 2005–06.

    
29
. Tellis,
India as a New Global Power
, p. 25; Robert D. Blackwill, “A new deal for New Delhi”,
Wall Street Journal
, 21 March 2005,
http://belfercenter.hks.harvard.edu/publication/1403/new_deal_for_new_delhi.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
30
. Tellis,
India as a New Global Power
, p. 9.

    
31
. Lora Saalman, “Divergence Similarity and Symmetry in Sino-Indian Threat Perceptions”,
Journal of International Affairs
, Spring/Summer 2011, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 187 and 190.

    
32
. Shyam Saran, “Is India’s Nuclear Deterrent Credible?” (Speech at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, 24 Apr. 2013),
http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=pers&nid=4987,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
33
. Ananth Krishnan, “India, China renew push to bridge deficit ahead of trade talks”,
The Hindu
, 27 Oct. 2012,
http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/india-china-renew-push-to-bridge-deficit-ahead-of-trade-talks/article4038531.ece,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
34
. “Copenhagen brought change of climate in Sino-India ties: Ramesh”,
The Hindu
, 11 Apr. 2010,
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article394433.ece,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
35
. Paul Blustein, “The Nine-Day Misadventure of the Most Favoured Nations”, Brookings Institution, Jul. 2008,
http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2008/12/05%20trade%20blustein/1205_trade_blustein.PDF,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
36
. Cited in Samudra Manthan and Raja Mohan,
Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific
, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, loc, 485/6659 [IPAD 3rd Generation; MD366LL/A version]; Jalal Alamgir,
India’s Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity
, Routledge, 2009, p. 58.

    
37
. Brahma Chellaney, “Border-talks charade”,
Mail Today
, 29 Nov. 2013,
http://chellaney.net/2013/11/28/border-talks-charade/,
last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.

    
38
. Author interviews in Beijing, 2004–2013.

    
39
. Zhang Feng, “China’s New Thinking on Alliances”,
Survival
, Oct.-Nov. 2012,
http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2012–23ab/survival—global-politics-and-strategy-october-november-2012-fda3/54–5–09-zhang-dd4b,
last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.

    
40
. Ashley Tellis, “The Merits of Dehyphenation: Explaining U.S. Success in Engaging India and Pakistan”,
Washington Quarterly
, Autumn 2008,
https://csis.org/files/publication/twq08autumntellis.pdf,
last accessed 20 Dec. 2013.

    
41
. Sarah Parnass, “Hillary Clinton urges India to lead in China’s neighbourhood”,
ABC News
, 20 Jul. 2011,
http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/07/hillary-clinton-urges-india-to-lead-in-chinas-neighborhood/,last
accessed 20 Dec. 2013.

    
42
. Zhao Suisheng, Chinese Foreign Policy: Pragmatism and Strategic Behaviour, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe/East Gate Books, 2004, p. 189.

    
43
. “China is threat No. 1, says Fernandes”,
Hindustan Times
, 3 May 1998.

    
44
. Perkovich,
India’s Nuclear Bomb
, p. 419.

    
45
. Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then Prime Minister of India, in a letter to Bill Clinton, then-U.S. President, reproduced in “Nuclear anxiety; Indian’s letter to Clinton on the nuclear testing”,
New York Times
, 13 May 1998,
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-indian-s-letter-toclinton-on-the-nuclear-testing.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
46
. Erik Eckholm, “China is ‘seriously concerned’ but restrained in its criti
cisms”,
New York Times
, 13 May 1998,
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/13/world/nuclear-anxiety-reaction-china-seriously-concerned-but-restrained-its-criticism.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2013.

    
47
. Justin Jin, “China, gloves off, attacks India”, Reuters, 14 May 1998.

    
48
. “India’s nuclear tests show fear of China”,
Wall Street Journal
, 15 May 1998.

    
49
. Li Wenyun, “India: nuclear tests condemned, lobbying suffers setbacks”,
People’s Daily
, 28 Jun. 1998.

    
50
. Author interview with former Chinese official in Beijing, Jan. 2009.

    
51
. “Pakistani envoy sees eye to eye with China”, Reuters, 19 May 1998.

    
52
. Stephen Kinzer, “China may give Pakistan defense assurances, averting A-tests”,
New York Times
, 19 May 1998,
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/19/world/china-may-give-pakistan-defense-assurances-averting-a-tests.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
53
. Quoted under condition of anonymity in Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Chinese delegation seems to deny Pakistan a nuclear umbrella”,
New York Times
, 21 May 1998,
http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/21/world/chinese-delegation-seems-to-deny-pakistan-a-nuclear-umbrella.html,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
54
. John Cherian, “Diplomatic Fallout”,
Frontline
, Vol. 15, No. 12, 6–19 Jun. 1998.

    
55
. “Pakistan evens nuclear account: Sharif ”,
China Daily
, 29 May 1998.

    
56
. “U.N. Security Council ‘deplores’ Pakistan’s tests”, CNN, 29 May 1998,
http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9805/29/un.pakistan/index.html,last
accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
57
. Ibid.

    
58
. Quoted in “Monitoring Nawaz Sharif ’s speech”, BBC News, 28 May 1998,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/monitoring/102445.stm,
last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.

    
59
. “US-China Joint Statement On South Asia”, statement issued by Presidents Bill Clinton and Jiang Zemin, Beijing, official White House text, 27 Jun. 1998,
http://www.acronym.org.uk/proliferation-challenges/nuclear-weap-ons-possessors/china/us-china-joint-statement-south-asia-june-1998,
last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.

    
60
. Feroz Khan, Peter R. Lavoy and Christopher Clary, “Pakistan’s Motivations and Calculations for the Kargil Conflict”, in Peter Lavoy (ed.),
Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 64–91; Shuja Nawaz,
Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army and the Wars Within
, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 507–514.