The China Study (56 page)

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Chapter 2
1. Stillings BR. "World supplies of animal protein." In: ]. W. G. Porter and B. A. Rolls (eds.) ,
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t i o n Conference, Buffalo, NY, 1960, pp. 96-103.
3. Campbell TC, Loosli JK, Warner RG , et al. "Utilization of biuret by ruminants." J. Animal
Science 22 (1963) : 139-145.
4. Autret M. "World protein supplies and needs. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Easter School in
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6. Jalil ME, and Tahir WM. "World supplies of plant proteins. " In:]. W. G. Porter and B. A. Rolls
(eds.), Proteins in Human Nutrition, pp. 35-46. London: Academic Press, 1973.
7. Blount WP. "Turkey "X" Disease." Turkeys 9 (1961): 52, 55-58, 61 , 77.
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10. Wogan GN, and Newberne PM. "Dose-response characteristics of aflatoxin B, carcinogenesis
in the rat. " Cancer Res. 27 (1967) : 2370-2376.
11 . Wogan GN, Paglialunga S, and Newberne PM. "Carcinogenic effects of low dietary levels of
aflatoxin Bl in rats." Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12 (1974): 681-685.
12. Campbell TC, Caedo JP,Jr., Bulatao-Jayme J , et al. "Aflatoxin M, in human urine." Nature 227
(1970): 403-404.
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Chapter 3
1. Natural Resources Defense Council. "Intolerable risk: pesticides in our children's food. " New
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cinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Some N-Nitroso Compounds . Vol. 17 Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1978.

372                                  THE CHINA STUDY
10. Druckrey H, Janzowski R, and Preussmann R. "Organotrope carcinogene wirkungen bei 65
verschiedenen N-nitroso-verbindungen an BD-ratten." Z. Krebsforsch. 69 (1967): 103-201.
11. Thomas C, and So BT. "Zur morphologie der durch N-nitroso-verbindungen erzeugten tumo-
r e n im oberen verdauungstrakt der ratte." Arzneimitte/forsch. 19 (1969): 1077-1091.
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Arch. Path. 85 (1968): 133-137.
17. If this defect becomes part of the first round of daughter cells, then this will be passed on to
all subsequent generations of cells, with the potential to eventually become clinically detect-
able cancer. However, this is an oversimplification of a very complex process. Perhaps two
of the more Significant omissions are the hypotheses that 1) more than one mutation may be
required to initiate and promote cancer, and 2) not all genetic defects result in cancer.
18. Mgbodile MUK, and Campbell TC. "Effect of protein deprivation of male weanling rats on
the kinetics of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity."}. Nutr. 102 (1972): 53-60.
19. HayesJR, Mgbodile MUK, and Campbell TC. "Effect of protein deficiency on the inducibility
of the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system. I. Effect on substrate interac-
tion with cytochrome P-450." Biochem. Pharmacal. 22 (1973): 1005-1014.
20. Mgbodile MUK, Hayes JR, and Campbell TC. "Effect of protein deficiency on the inducibility
of the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system. II. Effect on enzyme kinetics
and electron transport system." Biochem. Pharmacal. 22 (1973): 1125-1132.
21. Hayes JR, and Campbell TC. "Effect of protein deficiency on the indUcibility of the hepatic
microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system. III. Effect of 3-methylcholanthrene induction
on activity and binding kinetics." Biochem. Pharmacal. 23 (1974): 1721-1732.
22. Campbell TC. "Influence of nutrition on metabolism of carcinogens (Martha Maso Honor's
Thesis)." Adv. Nutr. Res. 2 (1979): 29-55.
23. Preston RS, Hayes JR, and Campbell TC. "The effect of protein deficiency on the in vivo bind-
i n g of aflatoxin Bj to rat liver macromolecules." Life Sci. 19 (1976): 1191-1198.
24. Portman RS, Plowman KM, and Campbell TC. "On mechanisms affecting species susceptibil-
ity to aflatoxin." Biochim. Biophys. Acta 208 (1970): 487-495.
25. Prince LO, and Campbell TC. "Effects of sex difference and dietary protein level on the
binding of aflatoxin B[ to rat liver chromatin proteins in vivo." Cancer Res. 42 (1982): 5053-
5059.
26. Mainigi KD, and Campbell TC. "Subcellular distribution and covalent binding of aflatoxins
as functions of dietary manipulation."] Toxical. Eviron. Health 6 (1980): 659-671.
27. Nerurkar LS, HayesJR, and Campbell TC. "The reconstitution of hepatic microsomal mixed
function oxidase activity with fractions derived from weanling rats fed different levels of
protein."}. Nutr. 108 (1978): 678-686.
28. Gurtoo HL, and Campbell TC. "A kinetic approach to a study of the induction of rat liver
microsomal hydroxylase after pretreatment with 3,4-benzpyrene and aflatoxin B[." Biochem.
Pharmacal. 19 (1970): 1729-1735.
29. Adekunle AA, HayesJR, and Campbell TC. "Interrelationships of dietary protein level, afla-
t o x i n B[ metabolism, and hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrase activity." Life Sci. 21 (1977):
1785-1792.

REFERENCES                                             373
30. Mainigi KD, and Campbell Te. "Effects of low dietary protein and dietary aflatoxin on he-
patic glutathione levels in F-344 rats. " Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 59 (1981): 196-203.
31. Farber E, and Cameron R. "The sequential analysis of cancer development." Adv. Cancer Res.
31 (1980): 125-226.
32. Foci response for the various charts in this chapter mostly reflect "% of liver volume," which
integrates "number of foci" and "size of foci," both of which indicate tumor-forming ten-
dency. So that the responses from individual experiments can be compared among each other,
the data are adjusted to a common scale that reflects the response produced by a standard
dose of aflatoxin and by feeding a 20% protein diet.
33. Appleton BS, and Campbell Te. "Inhibition of aflatoxin-initiated preneoplastic liver lesions
by low dietary protein. " Nutr. Cancer 3 (1982): 200-206.
34. Dunaif GE , and Campbell Te. "Relative contribution of dietary protein level and Aflatoxin
B) dose in generation of presumptive preneoplastic foci in rat liver." ]. Natl. Cancer Ins1. 78
(1987): 365-369.
35. Youngman LD, and Campbell Te. "High protein intake promotes the growth of preneoplastic
foci in Fischer #344 rats: evidence that early remodeled foci retain the potential for future
growth." ] ' Nulr.121 (1991) : 1454-1461.
36. Youngman LD, and Campbell Te. "Inhibition of aflatoxin Bl-induced gamrna-glutamyl
transpeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci and tumors by low protein diets:
evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplastic potential. " Carcinogenesis 13 (1992):
1607-1613.
37. Dunaif GE, and Campbell Te. "Dietary protein level and aflatoxin Bl-induced preneoplastic
hepatic lesions in the rat. " ]. Nutr. 117 (1987): 1298-1302.
38. Horio F, Youngman LD, Bell RC, et al. "Thermogenesis, low-protein diets, and decreased de-
v e l o p m e n t of AFBl-induced preneoplastic foci in rat liver. " Nutr. Cancer 16 (1991): 31-41.
39. About 12% dietary protein is required to maximize growth rate, according to the National
Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences.
40. Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals.
Second revised edition, number 10. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1972.
41 . National Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances. Tenth edition. Washington, DC:
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42. Schulsinger DA, Root MM, and Campbell Te. "Effect of dietary protein quality on develop-
m e n t of aflatoxin Bl-induced hepatic preneoplastic lesions." ] ' Natl. Cancer Inst. 81 (1989):
1241-1245.
43. Youngman LD. The growth and development of ajlatoxin Bl-induced preneoplastic lesions, tu-
mors, metastasis, and spontaneous tumors as they are influenced by dietary protein level, type, and
intervention. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Ph.D. Thesis, 1990.
44. Beasley RP. "Hepatitis B virus as the etiologic agent in hepatocellular carcinoma-epidemio-
logic considerations." Hepatol. 2 (1982): 215-265.
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46. Chisari FY, Ferrari C, and Mondelli MU. "Hepatitis B virus structure and biology." Microbiol.
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47. Hu j, Cheng Z, Chisari FY, et al. "Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-
i n d u c e d liver injury by low protein diet." Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795-2801.
48. Cheng Z, Huj, Kingj, et al. "Inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma development in hepatitis
B virus transfected mice by low dietary casein." Hepatology 26 (1997) : 1351-1354.
49. Hawrylewicz Ej, Huang HH, KissanejQ, et al. "Enhancement of the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)a
nthracene (DMBA) mammary tumorigenesis by high dietary protein in rats." Nutr. Reps. Int.
26 (1982): 793-806.

374                                    THE CHINA STUDY
50. Hawrylewicz E]. "Fat-protein interaction, defined 2-generation studies." In: C. Ip, D. F. Birt,
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and ovarian steroids in female rats." Nutr. Rpts. Int. 26 (1982): 807-820.
52. O'Connor TP, Roebuck BD, and Campbell TC. "Dietary intervention during the post-dosing
phase of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions." ] Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 955-957.
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54. He Y. Effects of carotenoids and dietary carotenoid extracts on aflatOxin B,-induced mutagenesis
and hepatocarcinogenesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.
55. He Y, and Campbell TC. "Effects of carotenoids on aflatoxin BI-induced mutagenesis in S.
typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98." Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990): 243-253.
Chapter 4
1. LiJ-Y, Liu B-Q, Li G-Y, et al. "Atlas of cancer mortality in the People's Republic of China. An
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6. There were 82 mortality rates, but about a third of these rates were duplicates of the same
disease for different aged people.
7. Calorie intake in China is for a 65 kg adult male doing "light physical work." Comparable
data for the American male is adjusted for a body weight of 65 kg.
8. SerVaas C. "Diets that protected against cancers in China." The Saturday Evening Post October
1990: 26-28.
9. All the available disease mortality rates were arranged in a matrix so that it was possible
to readily determine the relationship of each rate with every other rate. Each comparison
was then assigned a plus or minus, depending on whether they were directly or inversely
correlated. All plus correlations were assembled in one list and all minus correlations were
assembled in a second list. Each individual entry in either list was therefore positively related
to entries in its own list but inversely related to diseases in the opposite list. Most, but not all,
of these correlations were statistically Significant.
10. Campbell TC, ChenJ, Brun T, et al. ' China: from diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence.
Policy implications of the epidemiological transition." Ecol. Food Nutr. 27 (1992): 133-144.
11. ChenJ, Campbell TC, LiJ, et al. Diet, life-style and mortality in China. A study of the character-
istics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford, UK; Ithaca, NY; Beijing, PRC: Oxford University Press;
Cornell University Press; People's Medical Publishing House, 1990.
12. Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee. "Plasma lipid distributions in
selected North American Population. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study."
Circulation 60 (1979): 427-439.
13. Campbell TC, Parpia B, and Chen]. "Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery dis-
ease: The Cornell China Study." Am. ]. Cardio!. 82 (1998) : 18T-21T.