Authors: T. Colin Campbell,Thomas M. Campbell
388 THE CHINA STUDY
21. Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RDG, et al. "Diabetes in identical twins: a study of 200 pairs." Dia-
betologia 20 (1981): 87-93.
22. Borch-Johnsen K, Joner G, Mandrup-Poulsen T, et al. "Relation between breast feeding
and incidence rates of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a hypothesis." Lancet 2 (1984):
1083-1086.
23. Perez-Bravo F, Carrasco E, Gutierrez-Lopez MD, et al. "Genetic predisposition and environ-
mental factors leading to the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Chilean
children."]' Mol. Med. 74 (1996): 105-109.
24. KostrabaJN, Cruickshanks KJ, Lawler-Heavner J, et al. "Early exposure to cow's milk and solid
foods in infancy; genetic predisposition, and risk of lODM." Diabetes 42 (1993): 288-295.
25. Pyke DA. "The genetic perspective: putting research into practice." In: Diabetes 1988, Am-
sterdam, 1989, pp. 1227-1230.
26. Kaprio J, Tuomilehto J, Koskenvuo M, et al. "Concordance for Type 1 (insulin-dependent)
and Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins
in Finland." Diabetologia 35 (1992): 1060-1067.
27. Dahl-Jorgensen K,Joner G, and Hanssen KF. "Relationship between cow's milk consumption
and incidence of lODM in childhood." Diabetes Care 14 (1991): 1081-1083.
28. The proportion of Type 1 diabetes due to the consumption of cow's milk, the r2 value, is 96%.
29. LaPorte RE, Tajima N, Akerblom HK, et al. "Geographic differences in the risk of insulin-
d e p e n d e n t diabetes mellitus: the importance of registries." Diabetes Care 8(Suppl. 1) (1985):
101-107.
30. Bodansky HJ, Staines A, Stephenson C, et al. "Evidence for an environmental effect in the
aetiology of insulin dependent diabetes in a transmigratory population." Brit. Med. Joum. 304
(1992): 1020-1022.
31. Burden AC, Samanta A, and Chaunduri KH. "The prevalence and incidence of insulin-de-
p e n d e n t diabetes in white and Indian children in Leicester city (UK)." Int.]. Diabetes Dev.
Countries 10 (1990): 8-10.
32. Elliott R, and Ong TJ. "Nutritional genomics." Brit. Med.Joum. 324 (2002): 1438-1442.
33. Onkamo P, Vaananen S, Karvonen M, et al. "Worldwide increase in incidence of Type 1
diabetes-the analysis of the data on published incidence trends." Diabetologia 42 (1999):
1395-1403.
34. Gerstein He. "Cow's milk exposure and Type 1 diabetes mellitus: a critical overview of the
clinical literature." Diabetes Care 17 (1994): 13-19.
35. Kimpimaki T, Erkkola M, Korhonen S, et al. "Short-term exclusive breastfeeding predisposes
young children with increased genetic risk of Type 1 diabetes to progressive beta-cell autoim-
munity." Diabetologia 44 (2001): 63-69.
36. Virtanen SM, Laara E, Hypponen E, et al. "Cow's milk consumption, HLA-DQB1 genotype,
and Type 1 diabetes." Diabetes 49 (2000): 912-917.
37. Monetini L, Cavallo MG, Stefanini L, et al. "Bovine beta-casein antibodies in breast- a n d
bottle-fed infants: their relevance in Type 1 diabetes." Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 17 (2001):
51-54.
38. NorrisJM, and Pietropaolo M. "Review article. Controversial topics series: milk proteins and
diabetes."]' Endocrinol. Invest. 22 (1999): 568-580.
39. Reingold Se. "Research Directions in Multiple Sclerosis." National Multiple Sclerosis So-
ciety, November 25, 2003. Accessed at http://www.nationalmssociety.orgl%5CBrochures-
Research.asp
40. Ackermann A. "Die multiple sklerose in der Schweiz." Schweiz. med. Wchnschr. 61 (1931):
1245-1250.
41. Swank RL. "Multiple sclerosis: correlation of its incidence with dietary fat." Am.]. Med. Sci.
220 (1950): 421-430.
389
REFERENCES
42. Dip JB. "The distribution of multiple sclerosis in relation to the dairy industry and milk con-
s u m p t i o n . " New Zealand Med.]. 83 (1976): 427-430.
43 . McDougall JM. 2002. Multiple sclerosis stopped by McDougall/Swank Program. http://www.
nealhendrickson.comIMcDougalllMcDnewannouncementSwank021112.htm. Accessed Nov:
16, 2002 .
44. McLeodJG, Hammond SR, and HallpikeJE "Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Australia.
With NSW and SA survey results. " Med.]. Austr 160 (1994): 117-122.
45 . Lawrence JS, Behrend T, Bennett PH, et at. "Geographical studies of rheumatoid arthritis."
Ann. Rheum. Dis. 25 (1966): 425-432.
46. Keen H, and Ekoe JM. "The geography of diabetes mellitus. " Brit. Med. Joum. 40 (1984):
359-365.
47. Swank RL "Effect oflow saturated fat diet in early and late cases of multiple sclerosis. " Lancet
336 (1990): 37-39.
48. Swank RL "Treatment of multiple sclerosis with low fat diet." A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry
69 (1953): 91-103.
49. Swank RL, and Bourdillon RB. "Multiple sclerosis: assessment of treatment with modified
low fat diet."]. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 131 (1960): 468-488.
50. Swank RL "Multiple sclerosis: twenty years on low fat diet." Arch. Neurol. 23 (1970): 460-
474.
51. Agranoff BW, and Goldberg D. "Diet and the geographical distribution of multiple sclerosis."
Lancet 2(7888) (November 21974): 1061-1066.
52. Malosse 0, Perron H, Sasco A, et at. "Correlation between milk and dairy product consump-
tion and multiple sclerosis prevalence: a worldwide study." Neuroepidemiology 11 (1992):
304-312.
53. Malosse 0, and Perron H. "Correlation analysis between bovine populations, other farm ani-
mals, house pets, and multiple sclerosis prevalence." Neuroepidemiology 12 (1993): 15-27.
54. Lauer K. "Diet and multiple sclerosis." Neurology 49(suppI2) (1997): 555-561.
55. Swank RL, Lerstad 0 , Strom A , et a\. "Multiple sclerosis in rural Norway. Its geographic dis-
t r i b u t i o n and occupational incidence in relation to nutrition." New Engl.]. Med. 246 (1952):
721-728.
56. Dalgleish AG. "Viruses and multiple sclerosis." Acta Neurol. Scand. Supp\. 169 (1997): 8--15.
57. McAlpine 0, Lumsden CE, and Acheson ED. Multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal. Edinburgh and
London: E&:S Livingston, 1965.
58. Alter M, Liebowitz V , and Speer J. "Risk of multiple sclerosis related to age at immigration to
Israel." Arch. Neurol. 15 (1966): 234-237.
59. Kurtzke JF, Beebe GW, and Norman JE, Jr. "Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in V.S. veter-
ans : 1. Race, sex, and geographic distribution." Neurology 29 (1979): 1228--1235.
60. Ebers GC, Bulman DE, Sadovnick AD, et at. "A population-based study of multiple sclerosis
in twins. " New Engl.]. Med. 315 (1986): 1638--1642.
61. Acheson ED, Bachrach CA, and Wright FM. "Some comments on the relationship of the
distribution of multiple sclerosis to latitude solar radiation and other variables." Acta Psychi-
atrica Neurologica Scand. 35 (Supp1.l47) (1960): 132-147.
62. Warren 5, and Warren KG . "Multiple sclerosis and associated diseases: a relationship to dia-
betes mellitus."]. Canadian Sci. Neurol. 8 (1981): 35-39.
63. Wertman E, Zilber N, and Abransky 0. "An association between multiple sclerosis and Type
1 diabetes mellitus."]' Neurol. 239 (1992): 43-45.
64. Marrosu MG, Cocco E, Lai M, et a\. "Patients with multiple sclerosis and risk of Type 1 dia-
betes mellitus in Sardinia, Italy: a cohort study." Lancet 359 (2002): 1461-1465.
65. Buzzetti R, Pozzilli P, Di Mario V , et at. "Multiple sclerosis and Type 1 diabetes." Diabetologia
45 (2002): 1735-1736.
THE (HINA STUDY
390
66. lux WE, and KurtzkeJE "Is Parkinson's disease acquired? Evidence from a geographic com-
parison with multiple sclerosis." Neurology 37 (1987): 467-471.
67. Prahalad S, Shear ES, Thompson SO, et al. "Increased Prevalence of Familial Autoimmunity
in Simplex and Multiplex Families with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis." Arthritis Rheumatism
46 (2002) : 1851-1856.
68. Cantorna MT, Munsick C, Bemiss C, et al. "I,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Prevents and
Ameliorates Symptoms of Experimental Murine Inflammatory Bowel Disease." ]. Nutr. 130
(2000): 2648-2652.
69. Cantorna MT, Woodward WD, Hayes CE, et al. "I,25-Dihydroxyvitamin 0 3 is a positive regu-
lator for the two anti-encephalitogenic cytokines TGF-Bl and Il-4." ] Immunol. 160 (1998):
5314-5319.
70. Cantorna MT, Humpal-Winter J, and Deluca HE "Dietary calcium is a major factor in 1,25-
dihydroxycholecalciferol suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in
mice."]. Nutr. 129 (1999): 1966-1971.
71. Multiple Sclerosis International Federation. "Alternative Therapies." November 25,
2003. Accessed at http://www.rnsif.org!enlsymptorns_treatmentsitreatmencoverview/
alternative.html
Chapter 10
1. Frassetto LA, Todd KM, Morris C, Jr., et al. "Worldwide incidence of hip fracture in elderly
women: relation to consumption of animal and vegetable foods ." ]. Gerontology 55 (2000):
M585-M592.
2. Abelow BJ, Holford TR, and Insogna KL. "Cross-cultural association between dietary animal
protein and hip fracture: a hypothesis." Calcif. Tissue Int. 50 (1992): 14-18.
3. Wachsman A, and Bernstein OS. "Diet and osteoporosis." Lancet May 4, 1968 (1968) : 958-
959.
4. Barzel U.S .. "Acid loading and osteoporosis."]' Am. Geriatr. Soc. 30 (1982): 613.
5. Sherman He. "Calcium requirement for maintenance in man." ]. Bioi. Chern. 39 (1920):
21-27.
6. Animal protein includes more of the sulphur-containing amino acids. When digested and
metabolized, these amino acids produce the acid-forming sulphate ion, which must be ex-
creted by the kidney. A recent report showed a remarkable 84% correlation between animal
protein consumption and urinary acid excretion of sulphate.
7. BrosnanJT, and Brosnan ME. "Dietary protein, metabolic acidosis, and calcium balance." In:
H. H. Draper (ed.) , Advances in Nutritional Research, pp. 77-105. New York: Plenum Press,
1982.
8. Frassetto LA, Todd KM, Morris RC, Jr., et al. "Estimation of net endogenous noncarbonic
acid production in humans from diet potassium and protein contents." Am.]. Clin. Nutri. 68
(1998) : 576-583.
9. Margen 5, Chu J-Y, Kaufmann NA, et al. "Studies in calcium metabolism. I. The calciuretic
effect of dietary protein." Am.]. Clin. Nutr. 27 (1974): 584-589.
10. Hegsted M, Schuette SA, Zemel MB, et al. "Urinary calcium and calcium balance in young
men as affected by level of protein and phosphorus intake. " ] ' Nutr. 111 (1981): 553-562.
11. Kerstetter JE, and Allen lH. "Dietary protein increases urinary calcium." ]. Nutr. 120 (1990) :
134-136.
12. Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, et al. "Carbohydrate Diet Program." Am.]. Med. 113
(2002) : 30-36.
13. Sellmeyer DE, Stone Kl, Sebastian A, et al. "A high ratio of dietary animal to vegetable pro-
tein increases the rate of bone loss and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women." Am.
]. Clin. Nutr. 73 (2001): 118-122.
REFERENCES 391
14. Hegsted OM. "Calcium and osteoporosis." ]. Nutr. 116 (1986): 2316-2319.
15. Heaney RP. "Protein intake and bone health: the influence of belief systems on the conduct of
nutritional science." Am. ]. Clin. Nutr. 73 (2001): 5-6.
16. Cummings SR, and Black D. "Bone mass measurements and risk of fracture in Caucasian
women: a review of findings for prospective studies." Am. ]. Med. 98(Suppl 2A) (1995):
25-245.
17. Marshall 0, Johnell 0, and Wedel H. "Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral
density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures." Brit. Med. ]oum. 312 (1996): 1254-
1259 .
18. Lips P. "Epidemiology and predictors of fractures associated with osteoporosis." Am.]. Med.
103(2A) (1997): 35-115.
19. Lane NE, and Nevitt Me. "Osteoarthritis, bone mass, and fractures: how are they related?"
Arthritis Rheumatism 46 (2002): 1-4.
20. Lucas FL, Cauley JA, Stone RA, et al. "Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer: differ-
ences by family history of breast cancer." Am.]. Epidemiol. 148 (1998): 22-29.
21. Cauley JA, Lucas FL, Kuller LH, et a1. "Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in older
women: the study of osteoporotic fractures."]AMA 276 (1996): 1404-1408.
22. Mincey BA. "Osteoporosis in women with breast cancer." CUff. Oncol. Rpts. 5 (2003): 53-
57.
23. Riis B]. "The role of bone loss." Am. ]. Med. 98(SuppI2A) (1995): 25-295.
24. Ho Se. "Body measurements, bone mass, and fractures: does the East differ from the West?"
Clin. Orthopaed. Related Res. 323 (1996): 75-80.
25. Aspray TJ, Prentice A, Cole IJ, et al. "Low bone mineral content is common but osteo-
porotic fractures are rare in elderly rural Gambian women." ]. Bone Min. Res. 11 (1996):
1019-1025.
26. Tsai K-S. "Osteoporotic fracture rate, bone mineral density, and bone metabolism in Taiwan."
]. Formosan Med. Assoc. 96 (1997): 802-&)5.
27. Wu AH, Pike MC, and Stram DO. "Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels,
and the risk of breast cancer."]. Nat. Cancer Inst. 91 (1999): 529-534.
28. UCLA Kidney Stone Treatment Center. "Kidney Stones-Index." March, 1997. Accessed at
http://www.radsci.ucla.edu:8000/gulstoneslkidneystone.html
29. Stamatelou KK, Francis ME, Jones CA, et al. "Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney
stones." Kidney Int. 63 (2003): 1817-1823.
30. Ihis genetically rare type of kidney stone results from an inability of the kidney to reabsorb
cysteine, an amino acid.
31. Ramello A, Vitale C, and Marangella M. "Epidemiology of nephrolothiasis." ]. Nephrol.
13(SuppI3) (2000):565-570.
32. Robertson WG, Peacock M, and Hodgkinson A. "Dietary changes and the incidence of uri-
nary calculi in the U.K. between 1958 and 1976." Chron. Dis. 32 (1979): 469-476.
33. Robertson WG, Peacock M, Heyburn PJ, et al. "Risk factors in calcium stone disease of the
urinary tract." Brit.]. Urology 50 (1978): 449-454.
34. Robertson WG. "Epidemiological risk factors in calcium stone disease." Scand.]. Urol.
Nephrol. Suppl. 53 (1980): 15-30.
35. Robertson WG, Peacock M, Heyburn PJ, et al. "Should recurrent calcium oxalate stone form-
ers become vegetarians?" Brit.]. Urology 51 (1979): 427-431.
36. This information was shown in Dr. Robertson's seminar in Toronto.
37. Robertson WG. "Diet and calcium stones." Miner Electrolyte Metab. 13 (1987): 228-234.
38. Cao LC, Boeve ER, de Bruijn WC, et al. "A review of new concepts in renal stone research."
Scanning Microscopy 7 (1993): 1049-1065.
39. Friedman OS, Congdon N, KempenJ , et al. "Vision problems in the U.s. : prevalence of adult
TH E (H I NA STU DY
392
vision impainnent and age-related eye disease in America. " Bethesda, MD: Prevent Blindness
in America. National Eye Institute, 2002.
Foote CS. Photosensitized oxidation and singlet oxygen: consequences in biological systems. Vol.
40.
2 New York: Academic Press, 1976.
Seddon jM, Ajani VA, Sperduto RD, et al. "Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and
41.
advanced age-related macular degeneration." lAMA 272 (1994): 1413-1420.
42. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. "Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related
macular degeneration." Arch. Ophthalmol. 111 (1993): 104-109.
43. The other four food groups were broccoli, carrot, sweet potato, and winter squash, showing
disease reductions of 53%, 28%, 33% and 44%, respectively. Each reduction was only ap-
proaching or was marginally statistically Significant.
Berman ER. Biochemistry of the eye. (Perspectives in vision research). New York, N.Y.: Plenum
44.
Publishing Corporation, 1991.
45 . Lyle Bj, Mares-Perlman jA, Klein BEK, et al. "Antioxidant Intake and Risk of Incident
Age-related Nuclear Cataracts in the Beaver Darn Eye Study." Am.]. Epidemiol. 149 (1999):
801-809.
Bates C], Chen Sj, Macdonald A, et al. "Quantitation of vitamin E and a carotenoid pigment
46.
in cataracterous human lenses, and the effect of a dietary supplement." Int.]. Vitam. Nutr. Res.
66 (1996): 316-321.
Varma SD, Beachy NA, and Richards RD. "Photoperoxidation of lens lipids: prevention by
47.
vitamin E." Photochem. Photobiol. 36 (1982): 623-626.
48. Talan]. "Alzheimer's diagnoses can be two years late." Ithacajoumal: 8A.
49. Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, et al. "Mild cognitive impainnent." Arch. Neurol. 56
(1999): 303-308.
Kivipelto M, Helkala E-L, Hanninen T, et al. "Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild
50.
cognitive impainnent. A population based study." Neurology 56 (2001) : 1683-1689.
Breteler MMB, Claus lJ, Grobbee DE, et al. "Cardiovascular disease and distribution of
51.
cognitive function in elderly people: the Rotterdam Study." Brit. Med. loum. 308 (1994):
1604-1608.
Haan MN, Shemanski L,jagust Wj , et al. "The role of APOE e4 in modulating effects of other
52.
risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly persons." lAMA 282 (1999): 40-46.
Sparks DL, Martin TA, Gross DR, et al. "Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Al-
53.
zheimer's Disease: a review." Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287-290.
54. Slooter Aj, Tang MX, van Duijn CM, et al. "Apolipoprotein E e4 and risk of dementia with
stroke. A population based investigation." lAMA 277 (I997): 818-821.
Messier C, and Gagnon M. "Glucose regulation and cognitive functions: relation to Alzheim-
55.
e r's disease and diabetes." Behav. Brain Res. 75 (1996): I-II.
56. Ott A, Stolk RP, Hofman A, et al. "Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: the Rotter-
d a m Study." Diabetologia 39 (1996): 1392-1397.
Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Verter j, et al. "Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure
57.
in stroke." lAMA 214 (1970): 301-310.
Launer Lj, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, et al. "The association between midlife blood pressure
58.
levels and late-life cognitive function." lAMA 274 (1995): 1846-1851.
White, L., Petrovitch, H., Ross, G. W, Masaki, K. H., Abbott, R. D., Teng, E. L., Rodriquez,
59.
B. L., Blanchette, P. L., Havlik, R., Wergowske, G., Chiu, D., Foley, D.]., Murdaugh, C, and
Curb,]. D. "Prevalence of dementia in older japanese-American men in Hawaii. The Hono-
lulu-Asia Aging Study." lAMA, 276: 955-960, 1996.
Hendrie HC, Ogunniyi A, Hall KS. et al. "Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer Disease in 2
60.
communities: Yoruba residing in Ibadan, Nigeria and African Americans residing in India-
napolis, Indiana." lAMA 285 (2001): 739-747.