The Chinese in America (61 page)

111 Store windows:
John Kuo Wei Tchen,
New York Before Chinatown,
p. 128.

111 Yankee Notions:
Yankee Notions, March 1858, as cited in John Kuo Wei Tchen,
New York Before Chinatown,
p. 124-27.

111 even “whiter” than most of their neighbors:
New York World,
January 30, 1877, as cited in John Kuo Wei Tchen,
New York Before Chinatown,
p. 229.

112 “young and pretty Irish girl”:
New York Sun,
February 16, 1874.

112 Story about Charles Sun:
Interview with Paul Siu in Douglas Knox’s unpublished paper, “The Chinese American Midwest: Migration and the Negotiation of Ethnicity.”

113 only state in the union:
Lucy M. Cohen,
Chinese in the Post-Civil War South,
p. 2.

113 “little half-breed children”:
John Kuo Wei Tchen,
New York Before Chinatown,
p. 228.

114 Information on the two sons of Yung Wing (Morrison and Bartlet Yung):
Provided by Yung Wing’s grandson, Frank Yung, in his correspondence with the author.

114 “pass for what he wants”:
Lucy M. Cohen,
Chinese in the Post-Civil War South,
p. 170.

114 “That made me angry”:
Ibid., p. 171.

115
“I have come from a race”: Edith Maud Eaton (pseudonym Sui Sin Far), “Leaves from the Mental Portfolio of an Eurasian,”
Independent,
January 21, 1909.

115 “Why is my mother’s race despised?”:
Ibid.

116 Information on the depression in the 1870s:
Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee,
Longtime Californ‘,
pp. 46-47.

117 one Chinese and two whites for every job:
Victor Low,
The Unimpressible Race,
p. 29; Ronald Takaki,
Strangers from a Different Shore,
p. 105.

118 “In the factories of San Francisco”:
John Todd,
The Sunset Land
(Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1870), p. 283.

118 History of poem “The Heathen Chinee”:
Ronald Takaki, pp. 104-5; Arthur Bonner,
Alas! What Brought Thee Hither? The Chinese in New York 1800-1950,
pp. 33-34.

119 “In all our knowledge”:
Arthur Bonner, pp. 33-34.

119 Cubic Air law:
Otis Gibson,
The Chinese in America,
pp. 361-62;
Origins & Destinations
, pp. 57-58; San Francisco Board of Supervisors, order no. 939, as cited in Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
“Chink!,”
pp. 65-66 (see also pp. 13-14).

119 “like brutes”:
Otis Gibson, pp. 361-62.

119 “queue ordinance”:
Diane Mei Lin Mark and Ginger Chih,
A Place Called Chinese America,
p. 33; Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
“Chink!,”
p. 14.

120 “sidewalk ordinance”:
Diane Mei Lin Mark and Ginger Chih, p. 33.

120 two dollars a quarter:
Ibid.; Otis Gibson, p. 282.

120 Congress deliberately withheld the right of the Chinese to naturalize:
Roger Daniels,
Asian America,
p. 43.

121 “the Chinks are shootin’ ”.
Stephen Longstreet,
All Star Cast: An Anecdotal History of Los Angeles
(New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1977), p. 80.

121 “American blood had been shed”:
Stephen Longstreet, p. 80.

121 “Hang them! Hang them!”:
Ibid.

121 highly respected Chinese doctor:
C. P. Dorland, statement delivered at the Historical Society of Southern California, January 7, 1894, as cited in Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
“Chink!,”
p. 151.

121 “The little fellow was not above twelve years of age”:
David Colbert, ed.,
Eyewitness to the American West: From the Aztec Empire to the Digital Frontier in the Words of Those Who Saw It Happen
(New York: Viking, 1998), p. 172.

122 some ten million acres:
Sucheng Chan,
Asian Americans,
p. 31. The number of acres granted ranged from nine to eleven million, depending on how they were counted.

122 “WE WANT NO SLAVES OR ARISTOCRATS”:
Roger Daniels,
Asian America
, p. 38.

123 less than 2 percent of the patients:
Otis Gibson, The Chinese
in America,
p. 364.

123 more than 35 percent:
Ibid., p. 364.

123 harbored more Europeans at public expense:
Ibid., p. 22.

123 “chasing a phantom”:
Ibid., p. 23.

123 Dr. Arthur Stout:
John Hoyt Williams, A
Great and Shining Road,
p. 95. Also, Stuart Creighton Miller,
The Unwelcome Immigrant: The American Image of the Chinese, 1785-1882
(Berkeley and Los Angeles:
University of California Press,
1969), p. 161. Arthur Stout’s pamphlet,
Chinese Immigration and the Physiological Causes of the Decay of the Nation,
asserted that syphilis and “mental alienation” were Chinese characteristics.

123 American Medical Association:
Stuart Creighton Miller, p. 163.

123 “Even boys eight and ten years old”:
Ibid.

123 “Anglo-Saxon Blood”:
Ibid., pp. 164, 237. Original citation: Mary Santelle, “The Foul Contagious Disease. A Phase of the Chinese Question. How the Chinese Women Are Infusing a Poison into the Anglo-Saxon Blood,”
Medico-Literary Journal,
I (November 1878), pp. 4-5.

123 “the result of thousands of years of beastly vices”:
Stuart Creighton Miller, p. 163.

124 huge quantities of bowie knives:
Otis Gibson, p. 306.

124 sixty pistols:
Otis Gibson, p. 306.

124 the Chinese Six Companies issued a manifesto:
Otis Gibson, p. 300.

124 severe drought:
Victor Low,
The Unimpressible Race,
p. 40.

124 output was reduced to a third:
Ibid., p. 40.

125 ten thousand unemployed men:
Ibid., p. 40.

125 “Before I starve in a country like this”:
Andrew Gyory,
Closing the Gate,
p. 115.

125 “tear the masks from off these tyrants”:
Ibid., p. 113.

125 suggested exterminating the Chinese population:
Betty Lee Sung,
The Story of the Chinese in America,
p. 43.

126 “A while ago it was the Irish”:
Robert Louis Stevenson,
The Amateur
Emigrant (London: Chatto and Windus, 1895), p. 131, as cited in Lynn Pan,
Sons of the Yellow Emperor,
p. 93.

126 “running the gauntlet”:
Otis Gibson, p. 50.

126 “They follow the Chinaman”:
Ibid., p. 51.

126 “When I first came”:
“Life History and Social Document of Andrew Kan,” Seattle, Washington, August 22, 1924, by C. H. Burnett, p. 2. Major Document 178, Box 27, Survey of Race Relations, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.

126 “We were simply terrified”:
Huie Kin,
Reminiscences
(Peiping, 1932), p. 27, as cited in Ronald Takaki, p. 115.

127 “I remember as we walked along the street”:
“Life History and Social Document of Mr. J. S. Look,” August 13, 1924. Major Document 182, Box 27, Survey of Race Relations, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.

127 shot to death five Chinese farm workers:
Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, p. 22; Andrew Gyory, p. 94.

127 ten thousand agitators:
Lynn Pan, p. 95.

127 “On to Chinatown!”:
Andrew Gyory, p. 96.

128 “Even CHINAMEN”:
Ibid., p. 98.

128 hired a Chinese man just to walk in and out of his factory:
Andrew Gyory, p. 99.

128 hired white men to masquerade as
Chinese: Ibid.

128 greeted with cries of “Chinamen!”:
Ibid.

128 “So we will serve every Chinaman”:
Ibid.

128 “Any officer, director, manager”:
Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, p. 53. Also Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
“Chink!” Anti-Chinese Prejudice in America
(New York: World Publishing Company, 1972), pp. 14, 69. The original citation in
“Chink!”
is
Criminal Laws and Practice of California
(A. L. Bancroft and Company, 1881). The constitution also prevented the Chinese from voting: “Natives of China, along with idiots, insane persons, and persons convicted in infamous crimes or the embezzlement of public money, shall never exercise the privilege of electors in this state.”

128 mass exodus:
Andrew Gyory, p. 177. Newspaper coverage of exodus includes
New York Times,
March 6, 1880, and
St. Louis Globe Democrat,
March 5, 1880.

129 former president Ulysses S. Grant:
Andrew Gyory, pp. 186-87.

130 Quotes from the debate in Congress:
Can be found in Andrew Gyory,
Closing the Gate,
pp. 224-44.

132 “one of the most infamous and tragic statutes”:
Ibid., p. 258.

132 mass anti-Chinese rally in Seattle issued a manifesto:
Sucheng Chan,
Asian Americans,
pp. 50-51; Ruthanne Lum McCunn,
Chinese American Portraits: Personal Histories 1828-1988
(San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1988), p. 48.

133 kicked down doors, dragged the occupants outside:
Ruthanne Lum McCunn, p. 48; Lorraine Barker Hildebrand,
Straw Halls, Sandals and Steel
(Tacoma: Washington State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, 1977), pp. 49-59.

133 two men died from exposure:
Ruthanne Lum McCunn, p. 49.

133 one merchant’s wife went insane:
Lorraine Barker Hildebrand, p. 50. According to Lum May’s statement about his wife, “From the excitement, the fright, the losses we sustained through the riot she lost her reason. She was hopelessly insane and attacked people with a hatchet or any other weapon if not watched ... she was perfectly sane before the riot.”

133 the secretary of war dispatched troops to Seattle:
Doug Chin, “The Anti-Chinese Movement,”
The International Examiner,
January 6, 1982.

133
“special tax”:
Ruthanne Lum McCunn, p. 51.

133
beating up several Chinese:
Ibid.

133
Information about the second Seattle riot:
Harper’s Weekly,
March 6, 1886; Lorraine Barker Hildebrand, pp. 69-74.

133-34 Information about the Rock Springs massacre and indemnities:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 21; R. David Arkush and Leo O. Lee,
Land without Ghosts,
p. 57; Tzu-Kuei Yen, pp. 153-62; Craig Stori,
Incident at Bitter Creek: The Story of the Rock Springs Chinese Massacre
(Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991).

134 Chen Lanbing:
New York Times,
September 10, 1880, as cited in R. David Arkush and Leo O. Lee, p. 59; Kim Man Chan, “Mandarins in America: the Early Chinese Ministers to the United States, 1878-1907,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawaii, 1981, p. 127.

134-35 Information on Snake River Massacre:
David H. Stratton, “The Snake River Massacre of Chinese Miners, 1887,” in Duane A. Smith, ed.,
A Taste of the West: Essays in Honor of Robert Athearn,
p. 124, as cited in Roger Daniels,
Asian America,
p. 64.

135 Scott Act:
Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
“Chink!,”
pp. 82-85.

135 Twenty thousand Chinese:
Huping Ling,
Surviving on the Gold Mountain,
p. 2; Betty Lee Sung,
The Story of the Chinese in America,
p. 54; Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
“Chink!,”
p. 16.

135 State Department ... ignored him:
Betty Lee Sung, p. 54.

136 “unwise, impolitic, and injurious”:
Roger Daniels,
Asian America,
p. 57.

136 “it could not be alleged”:
Ibid.

136 “considers the presence of foreigners”:
Washington Post,
June 19, 1999.

136 “residing apart by themselves”:
Ibid.

136 “strangers in the land”:
Ibid.

136 Geary Act:
Victor Low,
The Unimpressible Race: A Century of Educational Struggle by the Chinese in San Francisco
(San Francisco: East/West Publishing Company, 1982), p. 75; Betty Lee Sung, p. 55; Cheng-Tsu Wu, p. 16; Jack Chen,
The Chinese of America,
p. 162.

136 A Chinese consul urged his countrymen not to register:
Betty Lee Sung, p. 55; Erika Lee, “Enforcing and Challenging Exclusion in San Francisco: U.S. Immigration Officials and Chinese Immigrants, 1882-1905,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1997
(Brisbane, Calif.: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1997), p. 9.

137 Fong Yue Ting v. United States:
Sucheng Chan,
Asian Americans,
pp. 91-92.

137 Lem Moon Sing v. United States:
Ibid., pp. 91-92.

137 “almost next to impossible to prove the birth”:
Erika Lee, p. 7.

137 Wong Kim Ark:
Charles Park, “American by Birth: One Hundred Years Ago, a Chinese American Man Won the Right for All American Born People to Claim U.S. Citizenship,” A magazine, March 31, 1998.

138 “acts of Congress or treaties have not permitted”:
Ibid.

139 Information on the burning of Honolulu Chinatown:
Sucheng Chan, p. 57; L. Eve Armentrout, “Conflict and Contact Between the Chinese and Indigenous Communities in San Francisco, 1900-1911,”
The Life, Influence, and the Role of the Chinese in the United States, 1776-1960.
Proceedings, papers of the national conference held at the University of San Francisco, July 10, 11, 12, 1975, sponsored by the Chinese Historical Society of America (San Francisco: The Chinese Historical Society of America, 1976), pp. 56-57.