The Chinese in America (64 page)

189
graduate from high school in numbers equal to Chinese boys:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
pp. 126-27.

189
refused to finance her college education:
Jade Snow Wong,
Fifth Chinese Daughter
(original publication, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1945; reprint edition, 1997), p. 109.

189
a total of four Chinese female students:
Huping Ling, p. 45.

189
not until the 1920s that the San Francisco public school system began hiring female Chinese schoolteachers:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 129.

190
Chinatown Telephone Exchange:
Ibid., p. 139.

191
Alice Fong Yu:
Ibid., p. 129; Thomas W. Chinn,
Bridging the Pacific,
pp. 236-38.

191
Information on Martha, Mickey, and Marian Fong:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 131.

191
Faith So Leung:
Ibid., p. 133. Also Thomas W. Chinn,
Bridging the Pacific,
pp. 187-89.

191
Dolly Gee:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
pp. 138-39.

192
Information on Bessie Jeong:
Interview with Bessie Jeong, interview #157, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project; ”Story of a Chinese Girl Student,” Major Document #5, Box 24, Survey of Race Relations, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University; Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
pp. 131-33, 142, 165-66.

193
”My parents wanted to hold onto the old idea”:
”Interview with Lillie Leung,” by Wm. C. Smith, Los Angeles, August 12, 1924. Major Document #76, Box 25, Survey of Race Relations, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.

193
”spooning”:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 166.

193
One San Francisco ABC couple:
Description of Daisy Wong Chinn and Thomas W. Chinn in Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 167.

194
founded Pi Alpha Phi:
A
magazine, February/March 1995, p. 14.

194
Sigma Omicron Pi:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 128.

194
”Chinese Collegiate Shuffle!”:
Ronald Riddle,
Flying Dragons, Flowing Streams: Music in the Life of San Francisco’s Chinese
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983), p. 145, as cited in Huping Ling, p. 104.

194
”our parents always preached”:
Diane Mark and Ginger Chih,
A Place Called Chinese America,
p. 86.

195
Expatriation Act of 1907:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
pp. 168-69.

195
1922 Cable Act:
Sucheng Chan, ”The Exclusion of Chinese Women,” in Chinese Historical Society of America,
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1994,
p. 124.

195
”My Most Embarrassing Moment”:
Interview with Yu-Shan Han, interview #152, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.

195
”Chinese women who are born here are regular flappers”:
“Mr. Mar Sui Haw,” Seattle, Washington, by C. H. Burnett, August 28, 1924, p. 11. Major Document #244, Box 29, Survey of Race Relations, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.

196
”It is not right for Chinese man born in China”:
”Life History and Social Document of Andrew Kan,“ Seattle, Washington, August 22, 1924, by C. H. Burnett, p. 12. Major Document #178, Box 27, Survey of Race Relations, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.

196
”Don’t get married in the United States!”:
Lee family oral history project, 1991, p. 21, as cited in Erika Lee, ”The Chinese American Community in Buffalo, New York 1900-1960,” honors thesis at Tufts University, 1991.

196
did not want any of their offspring to marry outside their own dialect:
Interview with Rodney H. Chow, interview #149, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.

196
Milton L. Barron surveyed 97 Chinese marriages:
Milton L. Barron,
People Who Intermarry
(Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1946), pp. 11-19, as cited in Betty Lee Sung,
The Story of the Chinese in America,
p. 258.

197
”foreign devil child”:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 170.

197
”disapprove very much”:
Tye Leung Schulze, ”Ting,” in Louise Schulze Lee private collection, as cited in Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 170.

198
killing or wounding more than seven thousand people:
Him Mark Lai, ”Roles Played by Chinese in America During China’s Resistance to Japanese Aggression and During World War II,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives,
1997, p. 76.

201
”I remember wearing sneakers with holes in them”:
Interview with Lillian Louie, p. 4, New York Chinatown History Project, Museum of Chinese in the Americas.

202
2,300, or 18 percent:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 183.

202
22 percent:
Ibid.

202
”During the Depression”:
Interview with Mark Wong, in Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee,
Longtime Californ‘,
p. 168.

202
”tens of thousands of Chinese laundry men”:
Chinese Nationalist Daily,
April 24, 1933, p. 1, as cited in Renqiu Yu,
To Save China, to Save Ourselves,
p. 35.

202
3,200 members:
Renqiu Yu, p. 55.

203
Lillian Lee Kim story:
Lillian Lee Kim, ”An Early Baltimore Chinese Family: Lee Yick You and Louie Yu Oy,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1994
(Brisbane, Calif.: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1994), pp. 155-74.

203
”thoroughly modern”:
Ronald Takaki,
Strangers from a Different Shore,
p. 247.

204
”the looks that made China’s beauties so fascinating”:
Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, ”The Loveliest Daughter: A Melting Pot of the East and the West,”
Journal of Social History,
Fall 1997, p. 7.

204
almost one-fifth of the city’s tourist trade:
Ronald Takaki, p. 248.

204
”Make tourists WANT to come”:
Ibid., p. 249.

204
pulling rickshaws for white sightseers:
Interview with Rodney H. Chow, interview #149, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project. In Los Angeles, China City opened in 1938 but burned down the following year. Later, it was rebuilt but was again destroyed by fire in 1949. Source: Asian American Studies Center at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Chinese Historical Society of Southern California,
Linking Our Lives: Chinese American Women of Los Angeles
(Los Angeles: Chinese Historical Society of Southern California, 1984), p. 16.

204
guides warned visitors to hold hands:
Betty Lee Sung, p. 130.

204
”opium-crazed”:
Ronald Takaki, p. 251.

205
”a joint stock company”:
Adam McKeown, ”Chinese Migrants Among Ghosts,” p. 284.

205
Information on Forbidden City:
Huping Ling,
Surviving on the Gold Mountain,
pp. 119-20; Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
pp. 202-3; author interviews with Chinatown residents.

205
suggested having naked girls jump out of a cake:
Gloria Heyung Chun,
Of Orphans and Warriors: Inventing Chinese American Culture and Identity
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2000), p. 35.

206
”Every day and all year round”:
Letter to
New York Times,
October 1, 1922, from S. J. Benjamin Cheng, a Columbia University student, as cited in Arthur Bonner,
Alas! What Brought Thee Hither?,
p. 107.

206
”I never saw an underground tunnel”:
Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, p. 71.

206
so that chickens could be raised there:
Interview with Rose Wong, interview #80, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.

206
”We hated them!”:
The Life and Times of Lung Chin: A Story of New York Chinatown,
manuscript in folder labeled ”Chinatown 19[15]-? Restaurants, Tongs, Opium, Sports, basketball, social culture,” Museum of Chinese in the Americas.

207
”the great and evil man”:
Cheng-Tsu Wu, ed.,
”Chink!,”
pp. 136-38. Original citation: Sax Rohmer,
The Return of Dr. Fu-Manchu
(New York: McKinlay, Stone and MacKenzie, 1916).

207
”green eyes gleamed upon me”:
Ibid.

209
”You’re asking me”:
Los Angeles Times,
July 12, 1987.

209
”Because I had been the villainess”:
Hollywood Citizen News,
1958, as cited in Judy Chu, ”Anna May Wong,” in Emma Gee et al., eds.,
Counterpoint: Perspectives on Asian America
(Los Angeles: Asian American Center, University of California at Los Angeles, 1976), p. 287.

210
did little more than provide exotic background:
Interview with Lillie Louie, interview #135, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.

210
Information on Tom Gubbins:
Interviews with Eddie E. Lee (#17), Gilbert Leong (#19), Mabel L. Lew (#22), Lillie Louie (#35), Bessie Loo (#38), Ethel Cannon (#64), and Gim Fong (#89), Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.

210
”the closest we would ever get to China”
Louise Leung, ”Night Call in Chinatown,”
Los Angeles Times Sunday Magazine,
July 26, 1936, pp. 3-4.

211
”the older people, they were always talking about going back home“:
Victor Wong, ”Childhood II,” in Nick Harvey, ed.,
Ting: The Caldron,
p. 70.

211
”If your uncle comes back to America”:
Letter, Sam Chang to Tennyson Chang, January 4, 1925, as cited in Haiming Liu, unpublished manuscript, p. 205;
Origins & Destinations,
p. 260.

211
more than 90 percent of their placements:
Hsien-ju Shih, ”The Social and Vocational Adjustments of the Second Generation Chinese High School Students in San Francisco,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1937, p. 72. As cited in Gloria Heyung Chun,
Of Orphans and Warriors,
p. 17.

211
”Father used to tell me”:
Interview with James Low, in Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee, p. 169.

212
”Oh, you couldn’t get a job”:
Grace Pung Guthrie,
A School Divided,
p. 35.

212
Chung Sai Yat Po
openly urged young Chinese Americans:
Haiming Liu, p. 20.

212
dreaming about going ”back” to China:
Interview with Rodney H. Chow, interview #149, Southern California Chinese American Oral History Project.

212
75 percent of the attendees:
Chinese Digest,
July 3, 1936, p. 14.

212
”ever since I can remember”:
Robert Dunn, ”Does My Future Lie in China or America?,”
Chinese Digest,
May 15, 1936.

213
”built on the mound of shame”
Kaye Hong, ”Does My Future Lie in China or America?,”
Chinese Digest,
May 22, 1936.

213
The careers of Robert Dunn and Kaye Hong:
Gloria Heyung Chun, p. 31.

213
one in five ABCs migrated to work in China:
Gloria Heyung Chun,
Of Orphans and Warriors,
p. 26; Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
p. 159.

214
Recruitment of ABCs by organizations in China:
Gloria Heyung Chun, p. 26.

214
Information on Flora Belle Jan:
Judy Yung,
Unbound Feet,
pp. 143, 169.

216
some 250,000 casualties:
Jonathan D. Spence,
The Search for Modern China
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), p. 447.

216
locals simply starved to death:
Madeline Y. Hsu,
Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home,
p. 179.

217
pawned first their jewelry and furniture:
Ibid.

217
at least 150,000 Toishanese—about one in four—had either died or disappeared:
Ibid., p. 180. Also June Y. Mei, ”Researching Chinese-American History in Taishan: A Report,” in Genny Lim, ed.,
The Chinese American Experience: Papers from the Second National Conference in Chinese American Studies (1980),
p. 58. As James Low recalled of those years, ”I saw other families starve during the Japanese war and World War II. The mothers had used all the money for gambling, for jewelry, for eating.” (Victor G. and Brett de Bary Nee,
Longtime Californ’,
p. 173.)

217
distributed thousands of English-language flyers:
Renqiu Yu, To
Save China, to Save Ourselves,
pp. 101-2.

217
fewer than ninety planes in safe working condition:
Iris Chang,
Thread of the Silkworm
(New York: Basic Books, 1995), p. 31.

217
two thousand in the Japanese military:
Ibid.

217
aviation schools or clubs:
Him Mark Lai, ”Roles Played by Chinese in America During China’s Resistance to Japanese Aggression and During World War II,”
Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1997
(Brisbane, Calif.: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1997), pp. 79-81.